Walk well:a randomised controlled trial of a walking intervention for adults with intellectual disabilities: study protocol

Background - Walking interventions have been shown to have a positive impact on physical activity (PA) levels, health and wellbeing for adult and older adult populations. There has been very little work carried out to explore the effectiveness of walking interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities. This paper will provide details of the Walk Well intervention, designed for adults with intellectual disabilities, and a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to test its effectiveness. Methods/design - This study will adopt a RCT design, with participants allocated to the walking intervention group or a waiting list control group. The intervention consists of three PA consultations (baseline, six weeks and 12 weeks) and an individualised 12 week walking programme. A range of measures will be completed by participants at baseline, post intervention (three months from baseline) and at follow up (three months post intervention and six months from baseline). All outcome measures will be collected by a researcher who will be blinded to the study groups. The primary outcome will be steps walked per day, measured using accelerometers. Secondary outcome measures will include time spent in PA per day (across various intensity levels), time spent in sedentary behaviour per day, quality of life, self-efficacy and anthropometric measures to monitor weight change. Discussion - Since there are currently no published RCTs of walking interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities, this RCT will examine if a walking intervention can successfully increase PA, health and wellbeing of adults with intellectual disabilities

CMR: Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, 4th Edition

Now in its fourth edition, this hallmark text provides a comprehensive, article-by-article guide to the workings of the CMR Convention, as incorporated into English Law by the Carriage of Goods by Road Act 1965. This new edition is fully up to date with all major UK case law, plus major developments in the interpretation of the Convention in the case law of other Contracting States. Furthermore, the book includes expert guidance on the amendments introduced by the additional protocol concerning the electronic consignment note of 2008. The relationship between CMR and potentially conflicting legislation, in particular the Judgments Regulation of 2001 and the Judgments Regulation (recast) of 2012, are also usefully examined. Praised as well-written and extremely accessible, Messent and Glass offer a level of expert detail and referencing that cannot be found elsewhere. This work is an invaluable reference tool that can be used by the busy legal practitioner, and by other road haulage industry professionals, in any contracting state, to solve the issues that confront them in daily practice. It is also an indispensable guide for academics and students of the international carriage of goods by road

Aquaporin 4: a player in cerebral edema and neuroinflammation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Neuroinflammation is a common pathological event observed in many different brain diseases, frequently associated with blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and followed by cerebral edema. Neuroinflammation is characterized with microglia activation and astrogliosis, which is a hypertrophy of the astrocytes. Astrocytes express aquaporin 4, the water channel protein, involved in water homeostasis and edema formation. Aside from its function in water homeostasis, recent studies started to show possible interrelations between aquaporin 4 and neuroinflammation. In this review the roles of aquaporin 4 in neuroinflammation associated with BBB disruption and cerebral edema will be discussed with recent studies in the field.</p