On the Suitability of some English Equivalents to Arabic Culturally-Bound Terms

In a broader sense bilingual dictionaries are viewed to provide translators with all the needed information in the foreign language through the equivalents chosen by the compilers Needless to say that this statement is correct at a certain level mainly when it comes to simple words that do not represent much difficulty for both source language receptors and target language receptors But the matter becomes questionable when the translator deals with cultural-bound words in the frame of the law as a specialized field That is why attention must be paid to such valuable references to pave the way to the translator to transmit the message accurately This study aims to investigate the exactness of English equivalents of some Arabic culture-bound terms in a Legal bilingual dictionary Arabic- English about their original significance in the source culture of each language to draw a comparison between both meanings and the cultural dimensions they reflect The results showed a certain inadequacy between the Arabic word and its equivalent in the majority of the cases especially regarding its ethnographic value which represents its most important aspec

How PV systems can be cost-competitive for mobile BTS in remote areas of Algeria

Solar electricity for telecom infrastructure has became one of the main contributors of electrical energy to the energy system in the future, but solar technology needs support to find its way to the market. Since photovoltaic (PV) electricity always involves  very high costs compared to electricity from other sources, a striking question is: how can PVs achieve competitiveness? There are  different strategies for promoting applied PV electricity generation around the world. Here, we simulated and designed a 40 KWp injected PV power, to evaluate the energy of the incident photon flux, that produced by PV panels and the energy injected into the electricity grid, and judge whether the installation is profitable, and if the technology is economical. The results reveal that the site of Tamanrasset (in the extreme south of Algeria) could produce an annual energy production 73879 kWh, which justify the reason the German Academy has chosen such site for the famous desert project, lastly launched between the two countries

Wind Turbine Active Fault Tolerant Control Based on Backstepping Active Disturbance Rejection Control and a Neurofuzzy Detector

© 2023 The Author(s). Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Wind energy conversion systems have become an important part of renewable energy history due to their accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Offshore wind farms are seen as the future of wind energy, but they can be very expensive to maintain if faults occur. To achieve a reliable and consistent performance, modern wind turbines require advanced fault detection and diagnosis methods. The current research introduces a proposed active fault-tolerant control (AFTC) system that uses backstepping active disturbance rejection theory (BADRC) and an adaptive neurofuzzy system (ANFIS) detector in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) to compensate for system disturbances and maintain performance even when a generator actuator fault occurs. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the suggested method successfully addresses the actuator generator torque failure problem by isolating the faulty actuator, providing a reliable and robust solution to prevent further damage. The neurofuzzy detector demonstrates outstanding performance in detecting false data in torque, achieving a precision of 90.20% for real data and 100%, for false data. With a recall of 100%, no false negatives were observed. The overall accuracy of 95.10% highlights the detector’s ability to reliably classify data as true or false. These findings underscore the robustness of the detector in detecting false data, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the application presented. Overall, the study concludes that BADRC and ANFIS detection and isolation can improve the reliability of offshore wind farms and address the issue of actuator generator torque failure.Peer reviewe

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Measurement of atmospheric black carbon in some South Mediterranean cities

This study aims to investigate, for the first time in Algeria, the atmospheric black carbon (BC) concentrations over one year measured at the Scientific Observatory of Algiers and to compare their concentration levels with other Mediterranean cities (i.e., Athens and Crete). The diurnal cycles as well as seasonal variations of BC concentrations were evaluated and attributed to their emission sources (fossil fuel: BCff and wood burning: BCwb). The annual mean concentrations of BC, BCff and BCwb were 1.113±2.030, 1.064±2.002 and 0.049±0.262 µgm-3, respectively. The highest seasonal mean concentrations were recorded in summer and autumn with 1.283±1.346 and 1.209±1.149 µgm-3 for BC and 1.217±1.431 and 1.177±1.151 µgm-3 for BCff, respectively. However, the lowest mean concentrations were recorded in winter and spring with 1.023±1.189 and 0.966±0.964 µgm-3 for BC and 0.933±1.177 and 0.956±0.874 µgm-3 for BCff, respectively. For BCwb, the highest mean concentrations were reached in winter and summer with 0.090±0.055 and 0.066±0.050 µgm-3, respectively, very likely due to the forest fires and long-range transport of air pollution from Europe. The lowest mean concentrations of BCwb were recorded in autumn and spring with 0.032±0.033 and 0.010±0.021 µgm-3, respectively. Seggregating BC levels into eight wind sectors, showed that the prevailing BC pollution with concentrations reaching up to 5.000 µgm-3 originated from the North-West wind sector. A source apportionment of BC for the wet and dry period was also perfomed followed by a back trajectory cluster analysis for long-range transport

Les oasis du Sahara algérien, entre excédents hydriques et salinité. L’exemple de l’oasis de Ouargla

Parler d'excédents d'eau en milieu désertique peut paraître aberrant à première vue. C'est pourtant une réalité qui est vécue, depuis de nombreuses années déjà, dans une grande partie des oasis du Sahara algérien. Ce problème est devenu aujourd’hui une véritable menace pour l’environnement et les conséquences s'en font ressentir aussi bien en agglomération qu’en périphérie des zones habitées.L’accroissement des rejets d’eaux usées urbaines et d’eaux de drainage agricole a entraîné des remontées importantes des eaux des nappes superficielles dans la plupart des agglomérations urbaines du Sahara algérien. Ces remontées ont favorisé la dégradation des conditions environnementales et ont fortement perturbé les équilibres naturels dans les oasis sahariennes, déjà fragilisées par des conditions climatiques extrêmes et par des caractéristiques topographiques qui ne facilitent pas l’évacuation des eaux excédentaires. Les oasis du Sahara algérien sont en effet, pour la plupart, installées dans des cuvettes sédimentaires. Ces oasis qui, auparavant, avaient fonctionné comme des systèmes hydrauliques bien équilibrés, souffrent aujourd’hui d’excès d’eau. Cette étude décrit à travers un cas particulier, celui de Ouargla, l’une des plus importantes oasis du Sahara algérien, ce phénomène d’excédents hydriques en mettant en évidence ses conséquences, en particulier sur la salinisation des sols de l’oasis. Les résultats des analyses physico-chimiques effectuées ont montré que les conductivités électriques des différents sols de la cuvette de Ouargla sont excessivement élevées, pouvant atteindre 5 000 mS•m-1 dans les horizons de surface en saison estivale. Cette sur-salinisation est principalement influencée, non seulement par des contextes géologique et climatique défavorables, mais aussi par une très forte salinité de la nappe superficielle dont la conductivité électrique dépasse 7 000 mS•m-1.To speak about water surpluses in a desert medium can appear wrong at first sight. It is however a current reality that has been present for many years already in most of the oases of the Algerian Sahara. This problem has become today a true threat for the environment and the consequences are evident in urban areas as well as in their periphery.Increased discharges of urban wastewater and water from agricultural drainage have induced a significant rise in the level of the shallow aquifer waters in most urban areas of the Algerian Sahara. These raised water levels have promoted the degradation of environmental conditions and have severely disrupted the natural balance in the Saharan oases, already weakened by extreme climatic conditions and topographic features that do not facilitate evacuation of excess water. In fact, the oases of the Algerian Sahara are mostly located in sedimentary basins. These oases, which had previously functioned as well-balanced hydraulic systems, are currently suffering from water excess. The present study describes through a particular case, that of Ouargla, this phenomenon of hydric excess and highlights its consequences, in particular, the salinization of oasis soils. The results of physicochemical analyses showed that the electrical conductivities of the different soils of the Ouargla basin are excessively high, up to 5,000 mS•m-1 in surface horizons during the summer season. This over-salinization is mainly influenced not only by the unfavorable geological and climatic contexts, but also by the very high salinity of the shallow aquifer, in which the electrical conductivity exceeds 7,000 mS•m-1

Wind Turbine Active Fault Tolerant Control Based on Backstepping Active Disturbance Rejection Control and a Neurofuzzy Detector

Wind energy conversion systems have become an important part of renewable energy history due to their accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Offshore wind farms are seen as the future of wind energy, but they can be very expensive to maintain if faults occur. To achieve a reliable and consistent performance, modern wind turbines require advanced fault detection and diagnosis methods. The current research introduces a proposed active fault-tolerant control (AFTC) system that uses backstepping active disturbance rejection theory (BADRC) and an adaptive neurofuzzy system (ANFIS) detector in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) to compensate for system disturbances and maintain performance even when a generator actuator fault occurs. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the suggested method successfully addresses the actuator generator torque failure problem by isolating the faulty actuator, providing a reliable and robust solution to prevent further damage. The neurofuzzy detector demonstrates outstanding performance in detecting false data in torque, achieving a precision of 90.20% for real data and 100% for false data. With a recall of 100% , no false negatives were observed. The overall accuracy of 95.10% highlights the detector’s ability to reliably classify data as true or false. These findings underscore the robustness of the detector in detecting false data, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the application presented. Overall, the study concludes that BADRC and ANFIS detection and isolation can improve the reliability of offshore wind farms and address the issue of actuator generator torque failure

Chemical characterization of fine particles (PM2.5) at a coastal site in the South Western Mediterranean during the ChArMex experiment

International audienc