Discriminação de áreas utilizáveis para cultivo de arroz irrigado utilizando imagens MÓDIS e modelo hand

One of the most relevant activities of Brazilian economy is agriculture. Among the main crops in Brazil, rice is one of high relevance. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil, is responsible for 68.7% of domestic production (IBGE, 2013). The goal of this study was to develop a low-cost methodology with a regional scope to identify suitable areas for irrigated rice cropping in this state, using spectro-temporal behavior of vegetation index by means of MODIS images and HAND model. The rice-cropped area of this study was the southern half of the State. Using the HAND model, flood areas were mapped to identify irrigated rice cultivation. We used multi-temporal images of vegetation index from MODIS sensor, covering the period from August 2001 to May 2012. To assess the results, we used data collected in the fields and cropped area information from IBGE. The results showed that the proposed methodology was satisfactory, with Kappa 0.92 and global accuracy of 98.18%. As result, MODIS sensor data and flood areas delineation by means of HAND model generated the estimate irrigated rice area for the area of study.Uma das atividades mais relevantes para a economia brasileira é a agricultura. O arroz está entre os produtos de maior importância no cenário agrícola nacional, e o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o responsável por 68,7 % da produção nacional (IBGE, 2013). O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de baixo custo, com uma abrangência regional capaz de discriminar as áreas utilizáveis para o cultivo de arroz irrigado, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do comportamento espectro-temporal de índices de vegetação de imagens MÓDIS e do Modelo HAND. A área de estudo limitou-se à metade sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que compreende a região produtora de arroz irrigado, onde, a partir do modelo HAND, foram mapeadas as áreas de inundação para discriminar a cultura do arroz irrigado. Foram utilizadas imagens multitemporais de índice de vegetação EVI do sensor MÓDIS, abrangendo o período de agosto de 2011 a maio de 2012. Para avaliar os resultados, foram utilizados dados coletados a campo e dados de área cultivada do IBGE. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia proposta foi satisfatória, com Kappa de 0,92 e Exatidão Global de 98,18%. Portanto, o uso de dados multitemporais e de moderada resolução espacial, provenientes do sensor MÓDIS, aliados à delimitação de áreas próprias para inundação, utilizando o modelo HAND, torna possível gerar e disponibilizar dados de estimativa de área cultivada de arroz irrigado para a área de estudo

Elements to raise and rethink the problem of the difference from the intersection of the philosophies of Heidegger and Deleuze

El problema que planteamos en este artículo se inserta en el marco general de las discusiones actuales y contemporáneas en torno al problema de la noción de diferencia, en particular la distinción heideggeriana entre la diferencia óntica y la diferencia ontológica, y las posiciones críticas tanto del pensamiento heideggeriano como el deleuziano dentro de este marco conceptual.Por ende, el objetivo fundamental que perseguimos en el artículo es pensar y replantear el problema de la diferencia a partir de las filosofías de Deleuze y Heidegger de manera que ambas dialoguen y no decidir y justificar a una por sobre la otra.The problem we pose in this article is inserted into the current and contemporary discussions about the difference notion, particularly Heidegger's distinction between ontical difference and ontological difference, and the critical positions of Heidegger and Deleuze within this conceptual framework. Therefore, the main objective that we pursue in this paper is to rethink the problem of difference into the philosophies of Deleuze for Heidegger to dialogue with them.Fil: Esperón, Juan Pablo Emanuel. Universidad del Salvador. Sede San Miguel. Instituto de Investigaciones Filosoficas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires. Centro de Estudios Filosóficos "Eugenio Pucciarelli". Sección Fenomenología y Hermenéutica; Argentin

Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Muyuka: a rural health district in South West Province, Cameroon.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in the population aged 40 years and over in Muyuka, a rural district in the South West Province of Cameroon. METHODS: A multistage cluster random sampling methodology was used to select 20 clusters of 100 people each. In each cluster households were randomly selected and all eligible people had their visual acuity (VA) measured by an ophthalmic nurse. Those with VA <6/18 were examined by an ophthalmologist. RESULTS: 1787 people were examined (response rate 89.3%). The prevalence of binocular blindness was 1.6% (95% CI: 0.8% to 2.4%), 2.2% (1.% to 3.1%) for binocular severe visual impairment, and 6.4% (5.0% to 7.8%) for binocular visual impairment. Cataract was the main cause of blindness (62.1%), severe visual impairment (65.0%), and visual impairment (40.0%). Refractive error was an important cause of severe visual impairment (15.0%) and visual impairment (22.5%). The cataract surgical coverage for people was 55% at the <3/60 level and 33% at the <6/60 level. 64.3% of eyes operated for cataract had poor visual outcome (presenting VA<6/60). CONCLUSIONS: Strategies should be developed to make cataract services affordable and accessible to the population in the rural areas. There is an urgent need to improve the outcome of cataract surgery. Refractive error services should be provided at the community level

Notas sobre la crítica de la imagen dogmática en la obra de Gilles Deleuze

El artículo enfoca la crítica de la imagen dogmática en Deleuze desde un análisis retrospectivo del papel que desempeña la noción de «imagen del pensamiento»en su obra. Tras desgranar brevemente los distintos sentidos e interpretaciones conque el autor la utiliza y cerrar la introducción con la exposición del uso plenamente positivo que ese sintagma acabará adquiriendo en él (el de un «plano» necesaria-mente requerido para pensar), nos remontamos hasta el uso crítico y cronológica-mente anterior –que no primero– de la expresión, donde la palabra «Imagen» (conuna «i» mayúscula) señala esa preconcepción tradicional, común a la filosofía y al buen sentido, de un pensamiento pretendidamente «natural», con el fin de arrojar una luz nueva sobre los principales ejes en torno a los cuales semejante Imagen se estructura

The event and the difference in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze

En el presente artículo nos proponemos aportar algunos elementos desde el pensamiento deleuziano para abordar la irrupción de la novedad sin remitirla o atribuirla a un fundamento organizador. Para ello, el desarrollo de las nociones de acontecimiento y diferencia nos han permitido repensar filosóficamente la novedad de un modo alternativo al de la tradición filosófica occidental.In this article we intend to provide some elements from Deleuze's thought to think the novelty. Therefore, we develop the notions of event and difference. These notions help us to rethink the novelty of a different way to Western philosophical tradition.Fil: Esperón, Juan Pablo Emanuel. Universidad del Salvador; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Philippe Menge, Peuples et identités

Le livre de Ph. Menge pose une question centrale : qu’est-ce qui constitue l’identité d’un peuple ? Une telle question, comporte, on s’en doute, des enjeux éthiques, politiques, économiques et religieux que nous convoquons, dès lors que nous parlons de l’Europe, de la laïcité, de l’alter-mondialisme, du nationnalisme et du racisme. La réflexion de l’auteur s’inscrit dans un espace où se croisent avec bonheur une lecture « métaphysique » de la démocratie et une lecture « démocratique » de la m..

Inappropriate use of medicines and associated factors in Brazil : an approach from a national household survey

This article aims to describe the inappropriate use of medicines in the Brazilian urban population and to identify associated factors. We conducted a data analysis of a household survey carried out in Brazil in 2013–14. The sampling plan was done by clusters with representativeness of the urban population and large regions of the country, according to gender and age domains. For this analysis, we considered a sample of adults ( 20 years) who reported having chronic noncommunicable diseases, medical indication for drug treatment and medicine use (n¼12 283). We evaluated the prevalence of inappropriate use in the domains: non-adherence, inappropriate use behaviour and inadequate care with medicines, all verified in the following groups of independent variables: demographic and socio-economic characteristics, health and pharmaceutical care, health status and use of medicines. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained using robust Poisson regression. It was found 46.1% of people having at least one behaviour of inappropriate use of medicines. The worst results were found for the domain of inappropriate use behaviour, a situation of 36.6% of the users, which included unauthorized prescriber, inadequate source of information and indication of the medicines by non-authorized prescribers. The best result was found for the lack of medicines care, informed by only 4.6% of users who kept expired drugs at home. The inappropriate use of medicines was associated with gender (female), region of residence (Northeast), not visiting the doctor regularly or visiting more than one doctor, not having free access to medicines and using of five or more medicines. There was a high prevalence of inappropriate use, which was associated with both individual and health system characteristics pointing out the need to set priorities as for health education and public interventions

Cost-related underuse of medications in older adults: ELSI-Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with cost-related underuse of medications in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians aged 50 years and over. METHODS: Among the 9,412 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSIBrazil), 6,014 reported using at least one medication on regular basis and were included in the analysis. Underuse of medications was by stopping taking or reducing the number of tablets or the dose of any prescribed medication for financial reasons. The theoretical framework used for the selection of the exploratory variables included predisposing factors, enabling factors, and factors of need. Associations were tested by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of underuse of medications was 10.6%. After adjustments for relevant covariables, positive and statistically significant associations (p &lt; 0.05) with the outcome were found for females [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.39], sufficiency of the family income for expenses (PR = 1.74 for sometimes and PR 2.42 for never), frequency with which the physician explains about the disease and treatment (PR = 1.31 for rarely or never), number of medications used (PR = 1.39 for 2–4 and 1.53 for 5 or more), fair (PR = 2.02) and poor or very poor self-rated health (PR = 2.92), and a previous medical diagnosis of depression (PR = 1.69). Negative associations were observed for the age groups of 60–79 years (PR = 0.75) and 80 years and over (PR = 0.43), socioeconomic status of the household (PR = 0.70, 0.79, and 0.60 for the second, third, and fourth quartile, respectively), and private health plan coverage (PR = 0.79). There were no associations between hypertension and self-reported diabetes and underuse of medications. CONCLUSIONS: Cost-related underuse of medications is multidimensional and complex, and it covers socio-demographic characteristics, health conditions, and the use of health services. The explanation about the disease and its treatment to the patient and the expansion of the universal access to pharmaceutical care can minimize the risks of underuse.OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados à subutilização de medicamentos por motivos financeiros em amostra nacional representativa da população brasileira com 50 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS: Entre 9.412 participantes do Estudo Longitudinal sobre a Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil), 6.014 informaram usar medicamento(s) de uso contínuo e foram incluídos na análise. A subutilização de medicamentos foi definida como ter, por motivos financeiros, deixado de tomar ou ter diminuído o número de comprimidos ou a dose de algum medicamento receitado pelo médico. O marco teórico empregado para a seleção das variáveis exploratórias incluiu fatores predisponentes, capacitantes e de necessidade. As associações foram testadas por meio de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de subutilização de medicamentos foi de 10,6%. Após ajustes pertinentes, associações positivas e estatisticamente significantes (p &lt; 0,05) com o desfecho foram observadas para o sexo feminino [razão de prevalência (RP) = 1,39]; renda familiar às vezes (RP = 1,74) e nunca (RP = 2,94) suficiente para as despesas; frequência com que o médico explica sobre a doença e tratamento (RP = 1,31 para raramente ou nunca); número de medicamentos utilizados (RP = 1,39 para 2–4 e 1,53 para 5 ou mais); autoavaliação da saúde razoável (RP = 2,02) e ruim ou muito ruim (RP = 2,92); e diagnóstico médico de depressão (RP = 1,69). Associações negativas foram observadas para idade igual a 60–79 (RP = 0,75) e 80 anos ou mais (RP = 0,43), posição socioeconômica do domicílio (RP = 0,70; 0,79 e 0,60 para o segundo, terceiro e quartil superior) e cobertura por plano privado de saúde (RP = 0,79). Não foram observadas associações entre hipertensão e diabetes autorreferidos e subutilização de medicamentos. CONCLUSÕES: A subutilização de medicamentos por motivos financeiros tem caráter multidimensional e complexo, abrangendo características sociodemográficas, de condições de saúde e de utilização de serviços de saúde. Esclarecer ao paciente sobre a doença e o seu tratamento, e ampliar o acesso universal à assistência farmacêutica, podem minimizar os riscos da subutilização