Simulation of electron transport and secondary emission in a photomultiplier tube and experimental validation

[EN] The electron amplification and transport within a photomultiplier tube (PMT) has been investigated by developing an in-house Monte Carlo simulation code. The secondary electron emission in the dynodes is implemented via an effective electron model and the Modified Vaughan¿s model, whereas the transport is computed with the Boris leapfrog algorithm. The PMT gain, rise time and transit time have been studied as a function of supply voltage and external magnetostatic field. A good agreement with experimental measurements using a Hamamatsu R13408-100 PMT was obtained. The simulations have been conducted following different treatments of the underlying geometry: three-dimensional, two-dimensional and intermediate (2.5D). The validity of these approaches is compared. The developed framework will help in understanding the behavior of PMTs under highly intense and irregular illumination or varying external magnetic fields, as in the case of prompt gamma-ray measurements during pencil-beam proton therapy; and aid in optimizing the design of voltage dividers with behavioral circuit models.This work was supported by Conselleria de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte (Generalitat Valenciana) under grant numbers CDEIGENT/2019/011 and CDEIGENT/2021/012. P. Martín-Luna is supported by the Ministerio de Universidades (Gobierno de España), Spain under Grant Number FPU20/04958. We thank Hamamatsu (V. Sánchez, D. Castrillo) for technical support and guidance; R. Carrasco (IFIC) and P. Wohlfahrt (Siemens Healthineers) for the CT scanning; D. Calvo and D. Real (KM3net-IFIC) for their LED test platform, the electronics and maintenance services at IFIC for excellent support; and K. Albiol, J. V. Casaña-Copado, A. Gallas Torreira, E. Lemos Cid, G. Pausch, A. Pazos Álvarez, E. Pérez Trigo, S. Rit, A. Ros, J. Roser, J. Stein, J. L. Taín and R. Viegas for useful discussions.Martín-Luna, P.; Esperante, D.; Fernández Prieto, A.; Fuster-Martínez, N.; García Rivas, I.; Gimeno, B.; Ginestar Peiro, D.... (2024). Simulation of electron transport and secondary emission in a photomultiplier tube and experimental validation. Sensors and Actuators A Physical. 365:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.11485911036

The Caldera. No. 23

La pandemia, sin lugar a dudas, nos ha cambiado la vida a todos; un viernes nos fuimos para nuestros hogares, en el marco de una educación presencial; al lunes siguiente, después de dos días, estábamos iniciando el camino hacia una educación remota, una educación virtual, que se ha convertido en una gran alternativa para seguir contribuyendo con la formación de nuestros niños y jóvenes caldistas y al mejoramiento de nuestra calidad de vida que halla, en la educación, nuevamente la respuesta; han sido meses de cambios drásticos, inimaginables pero, cambios positivos que nos han permitido crecer como individuos, como familia, como escuela y como sociedad.Especial pandemia. Una generación Resiliente por promoción DINASTIA…06 VII Concurso Intercolegiado departamental de Oratoria. Ulibro 2020…51 Deporte en el Caldas…64 Expresiones Caldistas…71 Celebremos la palabra…93 Nuestros Maestros…102 Galería de Imágenes…107The pandemic, without a doubt, has changed the lives of all of us; One Friday we went to our homes, as part of a face-to-face education; The following Monday, after two days, we were starting the path towards a remote education, a virtual education, which has become a great alternative to continue contributing to the training of our children and young Caldistas and to the improvement of our quality of life. that finds, in education, the answer again; They have been months of drastic changes, unimaginable but positive changes that have allowed us to grow as individuals, as a family, as a school and as a society

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Diseño de un protocolo para la determinación de biomarcadores para el cálculo de la fibrosis, esteatosis y sobrecarga de hierro hepático mediante análisis de imagen por resonancia magnética

[ES] Las enfermedades hepáticas desde sus inicios han centrado su diagnóstico en la biopsia hepática consagrada como la prueba de referencia de diagnóstico médico para el estudio del hígado de forma directa mediante la invasión en el órgano. Los antagonistas de la biopsia hepática son las técnicas indirectas como los marcadores serológicos y las técnicas no invasivas basadas en imagen médica que emplean el fenómeno de los ultrasonidos, la resonancia magnética nuclear y los rayos X. El enfoque de la medicina hacia técnicas mínimamente invasivas como la resonancia magnética se fundamenta en el estudio de biomarcadores que permitan, una vez que sean evaluados, confirmar el diagnóstico de la fibrosis, esteatosis y sobrecarga de hierro sobre imágenes de resonancia magnética. La fibrosis se ha valorado con mapas T1 que previamente han sido calibrados con fantomas de albúmina, en la esteatosis se ha empleado la técnica Dixon potenciada en T1 que se basa en el desplazamiento químico de los protones del agua y de la grasa para el cálculo de la fracción de grasa hepática y en la sobrecarga de hierro se ha estimado la relajación de T2* que se correlaciona con las concentraciones de hierro en la secuencia multieco potenciada en T1. El protocolo de adquisición consta finalmente de 4 secuencias de resonancia y se ha llevado a cabo en el equipo de resonancia MAGNETOM VIDA 3T de Siemens Healthineers sobre un conjunto de pacientes cuyos datos han sido proporcionados por la empresa ASCIRES Grupo Biomédico. El análisis de los biomarcadores en el procesado de las imágenes médicas se ha realizado con las herramientas software RadiAnt DICOM Viewer para la fibrosis y la esteatosis y MRQuantif para la sobrecarga de hierro.[EN] Liver diseases since their beginnings have focused their diagnosis on liver biopsy, which has been established as the medical diagnostic reference test for the study of the liver directly through the organ. The antagonists of liver biopsy are indirect techniques such as serological markers and non-invasive techniques based on medical imaging that employ ultrasounds, MRI and X-rays. The approach of medicine to minimally invasive techniques such as MRI is based on the study of biomarkers that allow, once they are evaluated, to confirm the diagnosis of fibrosis, steatosis and iron overload on magnetic resonance imaging. The study of these biological indicators focuses on defining the magnetic resonance sequences that make up an acquisition protocol for the determination of fibrosis, steatosis and iron overload. Fibrosis has been evaluated with T1 maps that have been previously calibrated with albumin phantoms. In steatosis, the T1-weighted Dixon technique has been used, which is based on the chemical displacement of protons in water and fat to calculate the liver fat fraction, and in the iron overload the T2* relaxation has been estimated, which correlates with the iron concentrations in the T1-weighted multiecho sequence. The acquisition protocol finally consists of 4 resonance sequences and it has been carried out in the Siemens Healthineers MAGNETOM VIDA 3T MRI scanner on a set of patients whose data has been provided by the company ASCIRES Grupo Biomédico. The analysis of biomarkers in the processing of medical images has been carried out with the software tools RadiAnt DICOM Viewer for fibrosis and steatosis and MRQuantif for iron overload.Meneses Felipe, A. (2020). Diseño de un protocolo para la determinación de biomarcadores para el cálculo de la fibrosis, esteatosis y sobrecarga de hierro hepático mediante análisis de imagen por resonancia magnética. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/148646TFG

Saber pedagógico en Pensamiento lógico y matemático

p. 159 Formato digital.i. Presentación p. 8 ii. Introducción p. 9 iii. Procesos de aprendizaje autodirigido desde el desarrollo de habilidades blandas fortalecidas desde las didácticas iconográficas p. 15 iv. Laboratorio de didáctica de las matemáticas: construcción de ambientes de aprendizaje para el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas p. 37 v. Matemática desde la decolonialidad y la periferia p. 39 vi. De silencios, miedos y utopías. Siete años de trabajo en el Colegio La Concepción IED p. 67 vii. Seminia: semillero de modelación en física con apoyo del pensamiento computacional p. 81 viii. Las formas de colaboración humana en la clase de matemáticas. El caso del Colegio Isabel II desde el Proyecto Infinito Potencial p. 99 ix. Reforma tributaria de una microsociedad x. + Comunicación Desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas con la formulación y solución de problemas matemáticos p. 113 xi. Movilizar el pensamiento. La educación financiera y la transformación de la economía doméstica de las familias zuletistas p. 1411ra ed

Aedes aegypti breeding ecology in Guerrero: cross-sectional study of mosquito breeding sites from the baseline for the Camino Verde trial in Mexico

Abstract Background Understanding the breeding patterns of Aedes aegypti in households and the factors associated with infestation are important for implementing vector control. The baseline survey of a cluster randomised controlled trial of community mobilisation for dengue prevention in Mexico and Nicaragua collected information about the containers that are the main breeding sites, identified possible actions to reduce breeding, and examined factors associated with household infestation. This paper describes findings from the Mexican arm of the baseline survey. Methods In 2010 field teams conducted household surveys and entomological inspections in 11,995 households from 90 representative communities in the three coastal regions of Guerrero State, Mexico. We characterized Ae. aegypti breeding sites and examined the effect of two preventive measures: temephos application in water containers, and keeping the containers covered. We examined associations with household infestation, using bivariate and multivariate analysis adjusted for clustering effects. Results We conducted entomological inspections in 11,995 households. Among 45,353 water containers examined, 6.5% (2958/45,353) were positive for larvae and/or pupae. Concrete tanks (pilas) and barrels (tambos) together accounted for 74% of pupal productivity. Both covering water containers and inserting temephos were independently associated with a lower risk of presence of larvae or pupae, with the effect of covering (OR 0.22; 95% CIca 0.15–0.27) stronger than that of temephos (OR 0.66; 95% CIca 0.53–0.84). Having more than four water containers was associated with household infestation in both rural areas (OR 1.42; 95% CIca 1.17–1.72) and urban areas (1.81; 1.47–2.25), as was low education of the household head (rural: 1.27; 1.11–1.46, and urban: 1.39; 1.17–1.66). Additional factors in rural areas were: household head without paid work (1.31; 1.08–1.59); being in the Acapulco region (1.91; 1.06–3.44); and using anti-mosquito products (1.27; 1.09–1.47). In urban areas only, presence of temephos was associated with a lower risk of household infestation (0.44; 0.32–0.60). Conclusion Concrete tanks and barrels accounted for the majority of pupal productivity. Covering water containers could be an effective means of Ae. aegypti vector control, with a bigger effect than using temephos. These findings were useful in planning and implementing the Camino Verde trial intervention in Mexico