A luta pelo direito de dizer a língua: a lingüística e o purismo lingüístico na passagem do século XX para o século XXI

Esse artigo é resumo de minha tese de doutorado em lingüística, na qual, na perspectiva da análise do discurso, analisei a constituição da metalinguagem purista presente na mídia brasileira na passagem do século XX para o século XXI e o diálogo entre ela e o discurso de lingüistas. Essa metalinguagem tem por temática principal o uso de anglicismos e o uso/ensino da norma culta. Distingo nela a presença de dois purismos, que chamo de purismo nacionalista e purismo neoliberal. Considerando, segundo a perspectiva discursiva de Foucault, que haja uma luta pelo poder de dizer a língua na esfera pública, reflito sobre o diálogo que constitui essa luta ao longo da história brasileira e no período citado – diálogo entre escritores, gramáticos, jornalistas, políticos e, recentemente, entre lingüistas. São apontadas as ressignificações resultantes do diálogo que constitui esses discursos, entre elas os simulacros produzidos em debates na mídia. Abstract The theme of this research is the fight for the right of saying the language. The central interest is to analyze the collisions between linguistics and the common sense that took place in the end of the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI century in Brazil. These collisions dealt mainly with the teaching of the educated norm and the restriction to the use of foreign expressions in the country. I found, in the reference media, two types of purism, which I called neoliberal purism and nationalistic purism. I accomplished a historical approach of the nationalistic purism in grammar books and in romantic writers' discourses. In the analyses, I pointed out indications that the writer's place of saying language is constituted in the relationship with the nationalistic purism and with the traditional grammatical knowledge. The grammarians, on the other hand, in the fight to maintain the value of their place of saying the language, maintain a dialogue with the puristic grammatical tradition and with linguistics, in order to modernize the linguistic instruments. The linguists have, in the teaching relationships, a space to say the language. However, their word doesn't have projection in the media

Considerações sobre o destinatário dos editoriais da Folha de S.Paulo e do El País: em pauta a imagem do leitor de jornal on-line

Neste trabalho, analisamos, a partir de escritos de Bakhtin e seu Círculo, editoriais on-line em língua portuguesa e espanhola publicados pelos jornais Folha de S.Paulo e El País durante o mês de fevereiro de 2020. Ao contrastar as produções de um mesmo gênero do discurso em comunidades etnolinguísticas diferentes, tencionamos ampliar a compreensão do próprio gênero, do funcionamento do campo em que está inserido e de como o destinatário é representado, levando em consideração as especificidades da produção, circulação e recepção dos enunciados em meio digital. Nossa análise evidencia um período de transição no campo jornalístico. Nos jornais comparados, os editoriais materializam contradições entre diferentes práticas de leitura e tentam assimilar, cada um à sua maneira, a heterogeneidade do público leitor presumido.  Palavras-chave: jornalismo on-line; editorial; destinatário. Drawing from the writings of Bakhtin and his Circle, in this work we analyze on-line editorials in Portuguese and published by the newspapers Folha de S.Paulo and El País, during February 2020. By contrasting productions of the same speech genre in different ethnolinguistic communities, we intend to broaden the understanding of the genre itself, of the functioning of the field in which it is inserted and of how the interlocutor is represented, taking into account the specificities of the production, circulation and reception of utterances in digital media. An analysis shows that the perception of the presence/absence of reading practices among the participants in the discursive interaction is decisive for the differences found in the corpus

La citation du discours de l’autre dans les articles d’opinion: la variation linguistique en question

Cet article vise à analyser les relations entre la langue et le pouvoir, implicites dans les discours véhiculés par les médias écrits brésiliens en confrontation au discours scientifique, au sujet de la controverse sur les exemples de variation linguistique qui ont été presentés dans le livre didactique Por uma vida melhor. Nous nous basons sur les réflexions de Bakhtine et du Cercle. Le corpus est composé par des textes du jornaliste Reinaldo Azevedo publiés sur le site du magazine Veja en mai 2011. Nous cherchons à démontrer que les citations ne sont pas faites de manière aléatoire. Au contraire, elles traduisent l’adhésion ou non au discours de l’autre.MOTS-CLE: Polémique. Variation linguistique. Cercle de Bakhtine. Citation du discours de l’autre. Articles d’opinion.Este artigo visa analisar as relações entre língua e poder implícitas nos discursos veiculados pela mídia escrita brasileira, em seu embate com o discurso científico, a partir da polêmica sobre os exemplos de variação linguística, presentes no livro didático Por uma vida melhor. Partimos das reflexões de Bakhtin e do Círculo sobre língua(gem). O corpus é composto pelos textos do jornalista Reinaldo Azevedo, publicados no site da revista Veja, no mês de maio de 2011. Pretendemos demonstrar que a forma como a palavra de outrem é citada não é aleatória, mas indica uma adesão ou não ao discurso alheio.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Polêmica. Variação linguística. Círculo de Bakhtin. Citação da palavra do outro. Artigos de opinião.RÉSUMÉ Cet article vise à analyser les relations entre la langue et le pouvoir, implicites dans les discours véhiculés par les médias écrits brésiliens en confrontation au discours scientifique, au sujet de la controverse sur les exemples de variation linguistique qui ont été presentés dans le livre didactique Por uma vida melhor. Nous nous basons sur les réflexions de Bakhtine et du Cercle. Le corpus est composé par des textes du jornaliste Reinaldo Azevedo publiés sur le site du magazine Veja en mai 2011. Nous cherchons à démontrer que les citations ne sont pas faites de manière aléatoire. Au contraire, elles traduisent l’adhésion ou non au discours de l’autre.MOTS-CLE: Polémique. Variation linguistique. Cercle de Bakhtine. Citation du discours de l’autre. Articles d’opinion

Gêneros de discurso, escrita e ensino

Este dossiê, “Gêneros de discurso, escrita e ensino”, organizado com o propósito de discutir a temática dos gêneros de discurso em sua relação com o ensino de escrita, é publicado em um momento em que a presença dos gêneros textuais e/ou discursivos, no Brasil, apresenta-se como indiscutível nas práticas de ensino tanto na escola básica quanto em contexto universitário. Esse caráter de obviedade leva, muitas vezes, a um apagamento de uma história de constituição, colocando à sombra os movimentos de sua construção social e a heterogeneidade de abordagens possíveis no trabalho didático com os gêneros

Impact of genetic information on Coronary Disease risk in Madeira: The GENEMACOR study

Copyright © 2022. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, 10.1016/j.repc.2022.10.005. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

The GENEMACOR study

Copyright © 2022 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery disease (CAD), characterized by an atherogenic process in the coronary arteries, is one of the leading causes of death in Madeira. The GENEMACOR (GENEs in MAdeira and CORonary Disease) study sought to investigate the main risk factors - environmental and genetic - and estimate whether a genetic risk score (GRS) improves CAD prediction, discrimination and reclassification. METHODS: Traditional risk factors and 33 CAD genetic variants were considered in a case-control study with 3139 individuals (1723 patients and 1416 controls). The multivariate analysis assessed the likelihood of CAD. A multiplicative GRS (mGRS) was created, and two models (with and without mGRS) were prepared. Two areas under receiver operating characteristic curve (area under curve (AUC)) were analyzed and compared to discriminate CAD likelihood. Net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination index (IDI) were used to reclassify the population. RESULTS: All traditional risk factors were strong and independent predictors of CAD, with smoking being the most significant (OR 3.25; p<0.0001). LPA rs3798220 showed a higher CAD likelihood (odds ratio 1.45; p<0.0001). Individuals in the fourth mGRS quartile had an increased CAD probability of 136% (p<0.0001). A traditional risk factor-based model estimated an AUC of 0.73, rising to 0.75 after mGRS inclusion (p<0.0001), revealing a better fit. Continuous NRI better reclassified 28.1% of the population, and categorical NRI mainly improved the reclassification of the intermediate risk group. CONCLUSIONS: CAD likelihood was influenced by traditional risk factors and genetic variants. Incorporating GRS into the traditional model improved CAD predictive capacity, discrimination and reclassification. These approaches may provide helpful diagnostic and therapeutic advances, especially in the intermediate risk group.publishersversionpublishe

Mitochondrial diseases in the next generation sequencing era: study of 450 patients

As doenças mitocondriais (DM) são doenças raras, clínica e geneticamente heterogéneas, de difícil diagnóstico, para as quais não existe uma terapia eficaz. O desenvolvimento da tecnologia de sequenciação de nova geração (NGS) revolucionou o diagnóstico molecular deste grupo de doenças, permitindo a identificação de novos genes associados a estas patologias. Nesta nova era genética, através da utilização da tecnologia de NGS, estudamos um grupo de 450 doentes suspeitos de DM, sem etiologia molecular. A nossa estratégia combinada de NGS, englobou a sequenciação de um painel de 213 genes nucleares associados a DM e do DNA mitocondrial completo. Neste estudo, identificamos variantes causais em 134 (30%) doentes analisados, 88 dos quais apresentaram variantes no DNA nuclear e 46 no DNA mitocondrial, tratando-se na maioria de doentes pediátricos (66%). Neste grupo de doentes, identificamos 72 variantes patogénicas descritas na literatura e 20 novas variantes provavelmente patogénicas, assim como 62 variantes de significado indeterminado. Como laboratório nacional de referência para o estudo e investigação das DM, demonstramos o contributo da tecnologia de NGS para esclarecer a etiologia molecular destes doentes, para expandir o espectro mutacional associado a estas patologias e oferecer um diagnóstico pré-natal e aconselhamento genético aos casais em risco.Mitochondrial diseases (MD) are rare disorders, clinically and genetically heterogeneous, making their diagnosis a challenge and with hither to no ef fective therapy options. The development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies has revolutionized the understanding of many genes involved in the pathogenesis of MD. In this new genetic era, using a NGS approach, we studied a cohor t of 450 Por tuguese patients suspected of MD, and without a molecular etiology. Our combined NGS approach was first based on analysis of a custom-made targeted mitochondrial panel of 213 nuclear genes followed by the whole mitochondrial genome. In this study, we identif ied disease related variants in 134 (30%) analyzed patients, 88 with nuclear DNA and 46 with mitochondrial DNA variants, being most of them pediatric patients (66%). The molecular analysis of this cohor t revealed 72 already described pathogenic and 20 novel probably pathogenic variants, as well as 62 variants of unknown signif icance. As a national laboratory for the study and research of MD, we demonstrated the power of NGS to achieve a molecular etiology of these patients, to expand the mutational spectrum associated to MD and to propose a prenatal diagnosis as well as an accurate genetic counseling for af fected families.Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (PTDC/DTP-PIC/2220/2014, Genetic Defects of Mitochondrial Diseases: a Next Generation Sequencing Approach); Ao Programa Nor te 2020 (NORTE-01-0246- -FEDER-000014, DESVENDAR “DEScobrir, VENcer as Doenças rARas”)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (&gt;66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions