Nos interstícios das sociedades plurais e desigualitárias: a situação social dos ciganos

A coexistência de pessoas e grupos marcados pela diversidade étnica, social, cultural, geográfica, religiosa e linguística é um tema que continua a gerar controvérsias acrescidas nas sociedades hodiernas. Se pensarmos na coexistência dos ciganos nas sociedades europeias não deixa de ser interessante verificar que a “questão cigana” é um facto iniludível que trespassa as fronteiras dos diferentes países europeus, suscitando controvérsias e ambivalências nas sociedades ditas multiculturais e/ou interculturais e pautadas pelo princípio do universalismo. Apesar da feição intercultural e universalista imprimida às políticas públicas, o não reconhecimento ou o reconhecimento incorreto do que é ser cigano, por parte das instituições, bem como a sua invisibilidade social no espaço público têm afetado negativamente várias dimensões da vida das pessoas ciganas. Acresce que o universalismo das políticas sociais (dignidade igual a todos os cidadãos) não tem surtido os efeitos desejados na redução dos níveis de pobreza, exclusão, discriminação e racismo face aos portugueses ciganos.Abstract: The coexistence of people and groups marked by ethnic, social, cultural, geographic, religious and linguistic diversity is a topic that continues to generate controversy in today's societies. If we think of coexistence of Roma/Gypsies in European societies it is nonetheless interesting to note that the "Roma/Gypsy issue" is an inescapable fact that pierces the borders of different European countries, raising controversies and ambivalences in multicultural and/or intercultural societies guided by the principle of universalism. Despite the intercultural and universal feature that characterizes public policies, the nonrecognition or the incorrect recognition of being a Roma/Gypsy, particularly by institutions, as well as, their social invisibility in public space have negatively affected in various dimensions of life Roma/Gypsy people. Furthermore, the universality of social policies (equal dignity to all citizens) have not had the desired effect in reducing levels of poverty, exclusion, discrimination and racism against the Portuguese Roma/Gypsies

Monitoring the quality of tourism experience

The new economic era the experience economy that we entered in the XXI century is challenging the overall tourism industry and destinations to respond to visitor expectations in a radically different way, demanding a new vision on what is truly being delivered to them. Within the current era, tourism businesses and destinations, in order to thrive and compete globally, are bound to recognize that experience, not goods or services, are what motivates visitors to travel, repeat visits to the destinations and recommend it to friends and relatives. Being so, a research agenda for tourism development and quality should place at its centre the nature of tourist experience and meanings of quality tourist experience from the stakeholders point of view, so that the industry actors can take joint action supported by in-depth knowledge of meanings attached to experience. With few exceptions, in tourism related literature, quality tourism experience has been largely overlooked. However, tourist experience and tourism experience have been discussed by Clawson [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] among others. Clawson[1] wrote about recreation experience; Boorstin[2] discoursed on authenticity in tourist experience; Cohen[3], [4] studied the phenomenological tourist experience frames; MacCannell's[5] presented contemporaneous writings on tourist experience and authenticity. Pearce and Caltabiano[7] further extended consideration of traveller and tourist experience and authenticity with connections to motivations. Smith [6], Smith and Brent [8] addressed the interaction of host and guest in travel experience. Ryan [9] focused particularly on the `tourist experience'. Tourism and tourist experience past research have also focused on temporary and activity-based relationships [1] and some only on activity [10], [11]. Borrie and Birzell[12] presented four ways used to understand tourist and tourism experience. Those four ways include (1) meaningsbased[13], (2) benefits, (3) satisfaction[14], and (4) experience based means[4], [15]. Urry[16] introduced the notion of 'gaze' into considerations of tourist experience albeit 'his gazes' were challenged by Perkins and Thorns[17]. Although there has been considerable theoretical thinking on the subject, not much empirical research is available. One reason for this to happen is the multidimensional, complex and highly diversified nature of the tourist experience. Another reason is related to the fact that supporting constructs, namely satisfaction, quality and value, continue relatively ambiguous and are not always part of an integrated vision and consistent research. And yet, understanding of major and relevant dimensions of the tourist experience are of utmost importance to construct operationalization for effective experience management at destination level. The article proposes an integrated vision on how to monitor the quality of tourism in a mass tourism coastal destination the Algarve (Portugal). While analyzing the quality of the tourism experience from tourists' perspective represents the overall purpose of this paper, and the specific objectives are threefold. Firstly, the research intends to assess the tourists' perceptions on the four dimensions of the experience destination, attributes and compares them with satisfaction felt in terms of the same attributes. Secondly, it expects to provide an overall assessment of tourism experience. Thirdly, the study proposes to establish the relationship between tourist satisfaction and the tourist experience and destination loyalty.The questionnaires were based on the work of Oh, Fiori and Jeong [18], after having been adapted to the Algarve tourist destination context, and refer to the four areas of the Experience Economy: Education (items a, b, c, d), aesthetics (items e, f, g, h), Entertainment (i, j, k, l) and Escapism (m, n, o, p). The last three items- q, r, s are related to memory and memories. To that end, a survey was carried out sampling 405 individuals. Of the 397 valid questionnaires obtained, 90% were answered by tourists from Portugal, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The results show about 95% of the respondents are satisfied and very satisfied. Approximately 95.3% of the respondents say they are satisfied and very satisfied with their stay in the Algarve. About the quality of lived experience, 77.3% classified very good and excellent. One of the important findings of this research is that the majority of the respondents (93`)/0) intends to recommend the Algarve to friends and relatives. With this research, the team expects to contribute to a thorough understanding of tangible and intangible activities and attributes that form the underlying basis of the tourist experience in coastal tourism

Revisiting the Weberian conceptual framework and its relevance for analysing ethnic and racial relations in contemporary times

Max Weber was a forerunner and one of the most innovative sociologists of his time. Among the many and diverse contributions to his extensive work, this article aims to highlight his importance and pioneering spirit in the analysis of ethnic and racial relations. Based on the fact that Romani people (known as Ciganos in Portugal) comprise the most numerous minority in Europe (10–12 million), we aim to discuss the relevance and limits of certain conceptual tools and forms of (self) categorization of Ciganos/Roma, namely those based on racial and ethnic phenomena, revisiting Max Weber’s writings. Based on a qualitative study carried out on Portuguese Ciganos/Roma, using in-depth interviews of women and men resident in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, we seek to question the pertinence of these forms of categorization when applied in operative and empirical ways to Ciganos/Roma persons in contemporaneity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Asociación en la atención de enfermería en pediatría: del discurso a la acción de las enfermeras

Apesar de se reconhecer que a enfermagem pediátrica é hoje particularmente sensível ao envolvimento dos pais na prática de cuidados à criança hospitalizada, inúmeros estudos continuam a evidenciar que não se é desenvolvida com os mesmos uma parceria efetiva. Na procura de conhecermos nos enfermeiros de pediatria a forma como percecionam o processo de construção da parceria na prática de cuidados com os pais e identificar no contexto as ações praticadas, desenvolvemos um estudo de natureza qualitativa com uma abordagem da grounded theory sustentada no referencial teórico do interacionismo simbólico. Tomando como ponto de partida a questão: como é que os enfermeiros de pediatria descrevem a parceria e o que evidenciam nas suas práticas quotidianas, entrevistamos 12 enfermeiros da unidade de pediatria de um hospital do norte do país e efetuamos observação no contexto de ocorrência do fenómeno. O corpus de dados foi submetido a análise, através do recurso ao software Nvivo8. Os achados obtidos do discurso revelam que o trabalho em parceria com os pais está presente no “pensar “ dos enfermeiros. Porém, as observações efetuadas evidenciaram lacunas na contemplação de dimensões fundamentais ao desenvolvimento de uma parceria efetiva com os pais. Em síntese, os enfermeiros contemplam a parceria no pensar mas não no agir.Abstract: While it is recognized that paediatric nursing is now particularly sensitive to parental involvement in the care of hospitalized children, numerous studies continue to show that nurses do not establish real partnership with parents. As we wished to know how nurses in paediatrics view the forming process of partnership with parents in healthcare and identify the actions they develop in the setting, we employed a qualitative approach for this study, based on Symbolic Interactionism and Grounded Theory. We took as a starting point the question: How do paediatric nurses describe partnership and how they show it in their day-today work? We interviewed 12 nurses from the paediatric unit of a hospital in northern Portugal and we carried out observations of the occurrence of the phenomenon in the setting. The data “corpus” was analysed using Nvivo8 software. Data obtained from the interviews revealed that working in partnership with parents was present in the “thinking” of nurses. However, the observations showed gaps in considering the fundamental dimensions of developing an effective partnership with parents. In summary, the nurses showed evidence of partnership in their thinking but not in their actions.Resumen: Si bien se reconoce, que la enfermería pediátrica es actualmente particularmente sensible a la participación de los padres en la práctica del cuidado a los niños hospitalizados, numerosos estudios siguen mostrando que no establecen con los padres una asociación efectiva. Para procurar saber como las enfermeras de pediatría perciben el proceso de formación de asociación con los padres en la práctica de cuidados e identifican las acciones practicadas en contexto, desarrollamos un estudio de corte cualitativo, basado en la Teoría Fundamentada y sostenido en el referencial teórico del interaccionismo simbólico. Tomamos como punto de partida la pregunta: ¿cómo las enfermeras pediátricas describen la asociación y lo que demuestran en su día a día? Entrevistamos a 12 enfermeras de la unidad pediátrica de un hospital del norte de Portugal y efectuamos una observación en el contexto de la ocurrencia del fenómeno. El corpus de datos fue objeto de análisis mediante el uso del software Nvivo8. Los datos obtenidos de los discursos revelan que el trabajo en asociación con los padres está presente en el pensamiento de las enfermeras. Sin embargo, las observaciones mostraron lagunas en la contemplación de dimensiones fundamentales para el desarrollo de una asociación eficaz entre padres y enfermeras. En resumen, las enfermeras contemplan la asociación en el pensamiento, pero no en el acto

La experiencia de las madres en la participación del cuidado de sus hijos hospitalizados

Objetivos: Describir la experiencia de las madres en la participación del cuidado de sus hijos, el significado y la importancia para ellas, así como también identificar las intervenciones en las que las madres se implican. Método: Estudio cualitativo, fundamentado teóricamente en el interaccionismo simbólico. Fue usada como metodología de referencia la Grounded Theory. Se utilizaron la entrevista semiestructurada y la observación para la recogida de datos. Participaron en el estudio 18 madres con ni˜nos hospitalizados. Fueron seleccionadas con respecto al criterio de inclusión: madres con ni˜nos hospitalizados 5 o más días y con disponibilidad para participar. El número de participantes fue definido con respecto al criterio de la saturación de los datos. Los datos se analizaron mediante el programa Nvivo 8. Resultados: Las madres perciben la participación en el cuidado de sus hijos como una obligación y una ayuda a las enfermeras. Pero la consideran también una contribución al cuidado personalizado de sus hijos, al bienestar de éstos y a la continuidad del papel parental. Los cuidados en que las madres se implican son los cuidados familiares. Las madres realizan otros cuidados delegados por las enfermeras, pero falta la negociación de los mismos. La indefinición de funciones y el uso del poder mal repartido causan ansiedad en las madres cuando son confrontadas con nuevos cuidados. Conclusiones: Las madres consideran importante la participación en el cuidado de sus hijos. Esta participación se caracteriza por una continuidad de los cuidados prestados en casa. Ellas cumplen otros cuidados pero no hay plena implicación.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the experience, the meaning and importance to them, of mothers participating in the care process of their child, as well as to identify interventions in which mothers were involved. Method: A qualitative approach was employed for this study, which was theoretically based on Symbolic Interactions and the Grounded Theory reference methodology. A semi-structured interview and observation were chosen as data collection techniques. The study included 18 mothers with hospitalised children. They were selected based on inclusion criteria: mothers with children hospitalised 5 or more days, and with a willingness to participate. The number of participants was defined using the criterion of data saturation. The data was analysed using the program Nvivo8. Results: Mothers understood the participation as an obligation and an aid to nurses. They also considered it as a contribution to the personal care of their children, for their well-being and for continuity of the parental role. The care in which the mothers were involved were those of family care, already developed in the home. They developed other forms of care, which were delegated by nurses without negotiation. The confusion of roles and the non-distribution of power caused anxiety in mothers when confronted with new forms of care. Conclusions: The mothers considered their participation in their child’s care as very important, but this involvement was characterised by a continuation of the care provided at home. They developed other forms of care but were not fully involved

Mujeres gitanas en la sociedad portuguesa : esbozando cursos de vida singular y plural

Este artigo discute alguns dos resultados de duas pesquisas de pendor qualitativo realizadas em Portugal sobre as trajetórias de vida singulares de mulheres ciganas, a partir da perspetiva das próprias. Trata-se de uma perspetiva de análise ainda pouco explorada teórica e empiricamente, evidenciada em processos que rompem com o papel de submissão da mulher cigana e quase sempre implicam afastamento e/ou punição por parte da suas famílias. Geralmente, os estudos ciganos tendem a atribuir à mulher um papel central na cultura cigana, contudo, os resultados mostram que ela dispõe de pouco espaço para afirmação da sua individualidade pelo controlo e vigilância exercido pelo grupo de social de origem.In this paper we propose to discuss some of the results from two qualitative researches that took place in Portugal. They focused in Gypsy women singular life paths from their own perspetive and almost of them include segregation or punishment from their families. It is an analyses perspetive poorly known and explored, in theory and empirically. In general, Gypsy studies attribute a central role to Gypsy women in Gypsy culture. However, results show that women can not express their individuality due for the control and surveillance exercised by the social group of origin.En este artículo se pretende reflexionar y discutir algunos de los resultados de dos investigaciones de caráter cualitativo realizadas en Portugal sobre las trayectorias de vida de las mujeres gitanas, a partir de la perspetiva de las propias interesadas, que consisten en procesos que casi siempre implican alejamiento y/o castigo por parte de sus familias. Se trata de una perspetiva de análisis todavía poco conocida y explorada 2 teórica y empíricamente. De un modo general, los estudios gitanos tienden a atribuir a la mujer gitana un papel central en la cultura gitana; no obstante, los resultados muestran que la mujer dispone de poco espacio para la afirmación de su individualidad por presión y control del grupo social de origen

Key factors to educational continuity and success of ciganos in Portugal

The goal of this article is to analyse the impact of specific public policies on the school trajectories of socially vulnerable Ciganos (Gypsies/Roma) who reside/live in the Metropolitan Areas of Lisbon and Porto. Through carrying out qualitative research, the analysis of key factors will allow us to understand the reasons behind school continuity and educational success of Ciganos, as well as the identity (re)configuration processes associated with the education paths of these individuals. We find that trajectories are not only intertwined with public policies and programmes, but also with other explanatory factors inherent to the individual,to the type of support he/she receives from his/her family, the presence of key figures in their lives, and the importance of peers and institutional factors inherent to the way public schools operate.The open access publication of this chapter was funded by Portuguese National Funds through the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, R&D Unit UIDB/03126/2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Educational situation of Portuguese ciganos: social changes versus social continuities

The purpose of this chapter is to present and discuss the main impacts of Portuguese public policies in the area of education in Portugal, since 25 April 1974. To this end, diversified information was collected, processed and analysed involving legal and other documents about these national policies, especially those of greater impact on Ciganos, in addition to thorough mapping of ongoing projects of local and social support in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas, where the empirical research is being carried out. At a later stage, interviews were held with technical staff, project coordinators and local institutions, as well as Ciganos and their families. The purpose of using various data collection techniques is to capture the reality experienced by Cigano individuals and families, namely patterns of continuity and social change, particularly in the area of education, through triangulation between the discourses of informants and scientific knowledge already consolidated in these matters. We present a critical and reflexive interpretation of the policy orientations and achieved social rights, focusing on narratives of Ciganos, stakeholders and school representatives centred on what has changed in the school trajectories of Ciganos, in terms of continuity, success and permanence in public education.The open access publication of this chapter was funded by Portuguese National Funds through the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, R&D Unit UIDB/03126/2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La naturaleza de la colaboración de los padres en los cuidados de enfermería en pediatría

En este estudio, se buscó identificar la naturaleza de la colaboración de los padres en los cuidados de enfermería en pediatría. La intención era entender fundamentalmente la realidad de la práctica de los cuidados de enfermería en pediatría, la conceptualización detrás de él y ver si la participación de los padres en los cuidados de enfermería proporcionados a los niños, pueden garantizar una asociación eficaz. Además de comprobar cómo los padres y enfermeras conceptualizan esta forma de atención también es importante ser consciente de las circunstancias que puedan interferir con su práctica y también cómo los sujetos reaccionan a ella. Algunas preguntas dirigió el desarrollo del estudio. ¿Cuáles son los supuestos básicos utilizados por las enfermeras pediátricas para la participación de los padres en el cuidado del niño? La forma de organización de la atención en pediatría es propicio para el desarrollo de una asociación eficaz con los padres en el cuidado del niño? Los padres se sienten socios de las enfermeras en el cuidado del niño (a)? Es un estudio cualitativo que adoptó como referencial teórico-metodológico la Grounded Theory con el apoyo del marco del interaccionismo simbólico. Esta metodología permitió la comprensión de los significados que los actores, las enfermeras y los padres, están construyendo a partir de las interacciones que ponen en el contexto de la ocurrencia del fenómeno. La recolecta de datos fue realizada por medio de la entrevista individual e por medio de observación con notas de campo para comprender mejor la naturaleza del fenómeno en su contexto. Como informantes había 12 enfermeras de la unidad pediátrica y 18 madres que acompañan al niño (a) en el hospitalización durante 24 horas. El corpus de cada grupo de datos, fue analizado utilizando el software NVivo 8. Dentro dos dominios, conceptualización de la asociación; organización do envolvimiento con los padres; organización de los cuidados e sentimientos hacia la asociación, se evidenció lo siguiente: la forma en que las enfermeras conceptualizan la asociación no es coherente con el desarrollo de la acción. La organización de la atención sostenida en la enfermería de referencia resulta ser más favorable para la práctica de los cuidados de enfermería en colaboración con los padres. Las enfermeras piensan que los padres sienten que son sus socios en la atención al niño, en contra de los padres que, habiendo un modo particular de explicar el proceso de asociación, no se consideran socios de las enfermeras en la atención al niño. Es interesante que los datos que surgieron de la observación parezcan dictar haber una colaboración con los padres pero se detecto la falta de negociación en esta colaboración. Se concluye que la falta de negociación, entre otros, apunta a la falta de una asociación efectiva en la práctica de enfermería. Una asociación eficaz entre los padres y las enfermeras deben permitir la clarificación de los conceptos de la colaboración en las diversas fases del proceso de enfermería y sólo el establecimiento de principios rectores de la cooperación y la responsabilidad compartida de cada parte implicada en el proceso puede garantizar la calidad de la atención que se proporcionan al niño y la familia

Pressupostos para o desenvolvimento das práticas dos enfermeiros em parceria com os pais

Introdução Desde a década de 80 que muitos avanços no âmbito da enfermagem pediátrica foram alcançados, contudo, apesar das evidências de que a parceria de cuidados com os pais resulta em ganhos para todos, para as crianças para os profissionais e para as famílias, assistimos ainda hoje a uma realidade que nos desafia a cada dia na busca constante de respostas que fundamentem a ausência de uma parceria efetiva, nos contextos pediátricos. Objetivos Analisar, através de uma abordagem centralizada na opinião dos participantes, os pressupostos para o desenvolvimento das práticas dos enfermeiros em parceria com os pais, em pediatria. Métodos Estudo de natureza qualitativa assente nos referenciais teórico-metodológicos do interacionismo simbólico e da grounded theory. Fizeram parte da amostra 12 enfermeiros da unidade de pediatria de um hospital do norte do país, os quais foram selecionados à medida que se foi procedendo à recolha e análise dos dados. A colheita de dados foi feita através da entrevista semiestruturada. O corpus de dados foi submetido a análise de conteúdo. Resultados e discussão Da análise efetuada e referente ao domínio do envolvimento dos pais, um dos pressupostos que está na base do desenvolvimento das práticas dos enfermeiros em parceria com os mesmos, emergiram as categorias, filosofia de trabalho, acolhimento, informações normativas e continuidade de cuidados. Perspetivado pelos participantes como uma filosofia de trabalho em pediatria, este envolvimento dos pais inicia no momento de admissão da criança, com o acolhimento, estendendo-se até ao momento do regresso a casa, pela necessidade em assegurar a continuidade de cuidados. A importância da transmissão de informações normativas, também reforçada pelos participantes, garante um envolvimento dos pais mais efetivo. Implicações para a prática e conclusões: Face aos achados do estudo é possível equacionar que o envolvimento dos pais nos cuidados, integrado no discurso dos enfermeiros como um dos pressupostos para o desenvolvimento da parceria de cuidados, constituirá o primeiro passo para o caminhar no sentido da mesma. Sendo um aspeto relevante do domínio e responsabilidade dos enfermeiros, esta configuração do cuidar em parceria, aportará para a enfermagem pediátrica, cuidados de maior qualidade