Love of God or Hatred of Your Enemy? The Emotional Voices of the Crusades

The present paper attempts to investigate three cornerstones of the history of the early crusades from a wider range of emotions while focusing on [1] the call to the crusade and the conquest of Jerusalem, [2] the fall of Edessa and, subsequently, the Second Crusade and its outcomes, and [3] the Christian defeat at the Horns of Hattin. Less than a century before the crusades, different groups in Christian society had been the target of the same pejorative emotions that were later used to denounce and reproach the Moslems. These terms should therefore be seen and analyzed, not to produce a superficial moral reading of the vilification of the Moslems, but as an essential part of the thesaurus in which Christian society analyzed itself. In fact, the use of the same Augustinian emotional index transforms negative attitudes toward the Moslems into an act of inverted inclusion of the Moslems within the Christian sphere; in other words, using illusionary inclusion in order to exclude. This inverted inclusion means that within its inner discourse, Christian society defeated the Moslems symbolically, independently of the real outcome on the battlefield. The transformation of the crusaders from Westerners into Easterners in Fulcher's eschatology (note 45) is a conscious practice of erasing the "other" by expropriating its identity. This was not, however, an act of including the Easterner into the crusaders' weltanschauung, but a symbolic denial that further served to exclude the Easterners altogether.O presente artigo pretende investigar três pedras angulares da história das primeiras cruzadas a partir do início de uma ampla gama de emoções, enfocando: 1. a chamada para a cruzada e a conquista de Jerusalém, 2. a queda de Edessa e, posteriormente, a Segunda Cruzada e seus resultados, e 3. a derrota cristã nos Cornos de Hattin. Menos de um século antes das cruzadas, diferentes grupos da sociedade cristã já tinham sido alvo das mesmas emoções pejorativas que, posteriormente, foram utilizadas para denunciar e reprovar os muçulmanos. Esses termos devem ser vistos e analisados, não para produzir uma leitura superficial do aviltamento moral dos muçulmanos, mas como uma parte essencial do léxico com o qual a sociedade cristã analisou a si própria. Na verdade, o uso do mesmo index emocional agostiniano transformou atitudes negativas contra os muçulmanos em um ato de inclusão invertida dos muçulmanos dentro da esfera cristã. Em outras palavras, a inclusão ilusória foi usada para excluir. Esta inclusão invertida significa que, simbolicamente, em seu discurso interior, a sociedade cristã derrotou os muçulmanos, independentemente do resultado real no campo de batalha. A transformação dos cruzados ocidentais em orientais na escatologia de Fulcher (nota 45) foi uma prática consciente de apagar o "outro", expropriando-o de sua identidade. Contudo, isto não foi um ato de inclusão dos orientais em cruzados Weltanschauung, mas uma negação simbólica que também serviu para excluí-los completamente

The Challenges of Medieval Communication: The Military Orders

It is the thesis of this study that research into medieval communication, its audiences, purposes, and channels, plays a central role in a better understanding of the crusades. The Military Orders played a significant role in communication developments in Europe and the Levant, because their international character and the fact that their own survival relied on their ability to exchange accurate information in the shortest period. The significant increase in letter exchange, the acceleration of information transmission, and the new awareness of delivering reliable information in the shortest period, all these developments reflect the decisive role of the Military Orders in the emergence of a more communication-oriented society at the Late Middle Ages

Iglesia y Monarquía en la Edad Media tardía: Conflictos y semejanzas

The relationship of the medieval Church and monarchies has usually been studied in terms of confl icts or struggles, rather than of cooperation and/or mutual influences. This article focuses precisely on this last neglected approach, in both the ideological and the institutional spheres. Our analysis centres in the Kingdom of France. The choice is amply justifi ed in view of its primordial role in Church history. The research touches on two main processes, namely the conflict between Philip the Fair and Pope Boniface VIII at the turn of the thirteenth century, and the emergence of consultative assemblies in both Capetian/Valois France and in the Church, which in the latter case culminated in the Conciliar Movement in the fi fteenth century. This article shows with outmost clarity that the “meeting points” between ecclesiastical and secular history offer new perspectives of analysis that call for further research.The relationship of the medieval Church and monarchies has usually been studied in terms of confl icts or struggles, rather than of cooperation and/or mutual influences. This article focuses precisely on this last neglected approach, in both the ideological and the institutional spheres. Our analysis centres in the Kingdom of France. The choice is amply justifi ed in view of its primordial role in Church history. The research touches on two main processes, namely the conflict between Philip the Fair and Pope Boniface VIII at the turn of the thirteenth century, and the emergence of consultative assemblies in both Capetian/Valois France and in the Church, which in the latter case culminated in the Conciliar Movement in the fi fteenth century. This article shows with outmost clarity that the “meeting points” between ecclesiastical and secular history offer new perspectives of analysis that call for further research

La teoría Gelasiana desde la perspectiva de la comunicación: desarrollo y decadencia

El presente artículo analiza los principales enunciados de la teoría Gelasiana y su transmisión en la Edad Media. Se ha puesto un énfasis especial en los distintos canales de comunicación que sirvieron tanto a la curia papal como a sus adversarios para propagar su credo con respecto al balance ideal entre el regnum y el sacerdotium: la realeza y el prelado. Aunque la teoría Gelasiana tuvo una influencia limitada en el medioevo temprano, ambas partes del conflicto trataron de involucrar amplias audiencias hacia el siglo XIV. Esta tendencia alcanzó su culmen durante el reinado de Felipe el Hermoso, en su conflicto con el Papa Bonifacio VIII.This paper analyzes the principal postulates of the Gelasian theory and its transmission throughout the Middle Ages. Special emphasis is laid on the several communication channels that were used by the papal curia and its adversaries to spread their respective creeds with regard to a suitable balance between regnum and sacerdotium. Though the Gelasian theory enjoyed but very limited scope in the Early Middle Ages, each of the conflicting sides appealed to broader audiences toward the fourteenth century, a trend that reached its zenith during the reign of Philip the Fair, King of France, in his struggle with Pope Boniface VIII

El Asadito y Mundo Grúa : Cine gris como síntoma de la crisis en la Argentina de fin de siglo XX

Fil: Blasco, Dolores. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Departamento de Artes.Fil: Menache, Denise . Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Departamento de Artes

Truthful Online Scheduling with Commitments

We study online mechanisms for preemptive scheduling with deadlines, with the goal of maximizing the total value of completed jobs. This problem is fundamental to deadline-aware cloud scheduling, but there are strong lower bounds even for the algorithmic problem without incentive constraints. However, these lower bounds can be circumvented under the natural assumption of deadline slackness, i.e., that there is a guaranteed lower bound $s > 1$ on the ratio between a job's size and the time window in which it can be executed. In this paper, we construct a truthful scheduling mechanism with a constant competitive ratio, given slackness $s > 1$. Furthermore, we show that if $s$ is large enough then we can construct a mechanism that also satisfies a commitment property: it can be determined whether or not a job will finish, and the requisite payment if so, well in advance of each job's deadline. This is notable because, in practice, users with strict deadlines may find it unacceptable to discover only very close to their deadline that their job has been rejected

La Orden de Calatrava y el clero andaluz (siglos XIII - XV)

Sin resume

ERA: A Framework for Economic Resource Allocation for the Cloud

Cloud computing has reached significant maturity from a systems perspective, but currently deployed solutions rely on rather basic economics mechanisms that yield suboptimal allocation of the costly hardware resources. In this paper we present Economic Resource Allocation (ERA), a complete framework for scheduling and pricing cloud resources, aimed at increasing the efficiency of cloud resources usage by allocating resources according to economic principles. The ERA architecture carefully abstracts the underlying cloud infrastructure, enabling the development of scheduling and pricing algorithms independently of the concrete lower-level cloud infrastructure and independently of its concerns. Specifically, ERA is designed as a flexible layer that can sit on top of any cloud system and interfaces with both the cloud resource manager and with the users who reserve resources to run their jobs. The jobs are scheduled based on prices that are dynamically calculated according to the predicted demand. Additionally, ERA provides a key internal API to pluggable algorithmic modules that include scheduling, pricing and demand prediction. We provide a proof-of-concept software and demonstrate the effectiveness of the architecture by testing ERA over both public and private cloud systems -- Azure Batch of Microsoft and Hadoop/YARN. A broader intent of our work is to foster collaborations between economics and system communities. To that end, we have developed a simulation platform via which economics and system experts can test their algorithmic implementations