Análise experimental de lajes de CA reforçadas pela face superior

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados dos ensaios de 5 lajes de concreto armado (415 cm x 415 cm x 7 cm) com o objetivo de se verificar experimentalmente a possibilidade de reforço pela face superior de lajes de concreto armado e também de se avaliar a aderência entre o concreto antigo da laje e a camada do concreto do reforço. As principais variáveis foram as deficiências da resistência do concreto e de armadura. A laje L1, de referência, foi ensaiada até a ruptura e as demais até um limite de carregamento quando foram reforçadas e reensaiadas até a ruptura. Todas as lajes romperam por flexão e nas lajes armadas com uma taxa mínima de armadura, o reforço elevou em até 30% a carga de ruptura em relação a uma laje similar sem reforço, independentemente da resistência original do concreto. Em todos os ensaios das lajes reforçadas não se detectou descolamentos ou evidências de perda de aderência entre o concreto antigo e o concreto do reforço.The current study presents the results of tests conducted in 5 reinforced concrete slabs (415 cm x 415 cm x 7 cm) in order to experimentally check the possibility of reinforcing their upper surface, as well as to assess the adhesion between the old and the reinforcing concrete layers in the slab. The main variables were the concrete and reinforcement strength deficiencies. Reference slab “L1” was tested until reaching the failure load, whereas the others were tested until reaching certain load limit, reinforced and retested until reaching the failure load. All slabs failed under bending. The strengthening increased the failure load by 30% in slabs reinforced at minimum reinforcement rate when they were compared to similar non-reinforced slabs, regardless of the original concrete strength. None of the tests conducted in the reinforced slabs showed detachments or evidence of adhesion loss between the old and reinforcing concretes

Punção em lajes lisas de concreto armado sem armadura de cisalhamento

O dimensionamento à punção é um ponto crítico no projeto de lajes lisas e devido à falta de um método teórico capaz de explicar este fenômeno a verificação da capacidade resistente de ligações laje-pilar é feita normalmente utilizando-se as recomendações de normas de projeto. Este artigo discute aspectos relevantes do surgimento do sistema de lajes lisas, dos fatores que influenciam na resistência à punção de lajes sem armadura de cisalhamento e faz comparações entre os resultados experimentais de um banco de dados com 74 lajes cuidadosamente selecionadas com resultados teóricos utilizando-se as recomendações das normas ACI 318, EUROCODE 2 e NBR 6118 e também através da Teoria da Fissura Crítica de Cisalhamento, apresentada por Muttoni (2008) e incorporada à nova norma fib Model Code (2010).Punching strength is a critical point in the design of flat slabs and due to the lack of a theoretical method capable of explaining this phenomenon, empirical formulations presented by codes of practice are still the most used method to check the bearing capacity of slab-column connections. This paper discusses relevant aspects of the development of flat slabs, the factors that influence the punching resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement and makes comparisons between the experimental results organized in a database with 74 slabs carefully selected with theoretical results using the recommendations of ACI 318, EUROCODE 2 and NBR 6118 and also through the Critical Shear Crack Theory, presented by Muttoni (2008) and incorporated the new fib Model Code (2010)

Experimental and numerical analysis of reinforced concrete mushroom slabs

O uso de capitéis é uma das formas de se aumentar a resistência à punção de ligações laje-pilar. As recomendações normativas para a definição da geometria e verificação da resistência última de ligações com capitéis são pouco abrangentes, sendo poucas as pesquisas experimentais disponíveis sobre o tema. Este artigo discute aspectos relevantes do desenvolvimento histórico das lajes cogumelo e apresenta resultados de 4 ensaios experimentais, sendo 1 laje lisa de referência e 3 lajes cogumelo com capitéis de seção circular. Estes resultados são comparados com as estimativas das normas EUROCODE 2 (2004) e NBR 6118 (2007) e com modelos numéricos não-lineares a fim de se compreender melhor a distribuição das tensões e o mecanismo de ruptura de lajes cogumelo.The use of column capitals is one way to increase the punching strength of slab-column connections. Recommendations presented by codes of practice for defining the geometry and checking the resistance of slab-column connections with capitals are not comprehensive, with few experimental studies available on the topic. This paper discusses important aspects of the historical development of mushroom slabs and also presents experimental results of 4 tests, with 1 test in a reference flat slab and 3 tests in mushroom slabs with circular column capitals. These results are compared with theoretical results estimated using Eurocode 2 (2004) and NBR 6118 (2007). They were also compared with a series of non-linear finite element analysis in order to get insight of the stress distribution and of the failure mechanism of mushroom slabs

Resistência à punção de ligações laje-pilar interno com conectores de cisalhamento

A punção é uma forma de ruptura por cisalhamento que pode ocorrer em ligações laje-pilar que pode ser evitada utilizando-se armaduras de cisalhamento na ligação. Este artigo apresenta comparações entre resultados experimentais de 36 ensaios realizados em ligações laje-pilar interno, armadas com conectores de cisalhamento do tipo pino de duas cabeças, populares na América do Norte, Europa e Ásia, com resultados teóricos utilizando as recomendações do ACI 318, NBR 6118, Eurocode 2, além da Teoria da Fissura Crítica de Cisalhamento (TFCC). Para o banco de dados utilizado, o ACI 318 mostrou tendências conservadoras, enquanto que a NBR 6118 mostrou baixo coeficiente de variação, mas um grande número de resultados contra a segurança. Tanto o Eurocode 2, quanto a TFCC apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, com o Eurocode 2 apresentando desempenho ligeiramente superior.Punching shear is a brittle failure mode that may occur in slab-column connections, which may be prevented by using shear reinforcement in the slab-column connection. This paper presents comparisons between experimental results of 36 tests in internal slab-column connections with double- headed shear studs, which are largely used in North America, Europe and Asia, with theoretical results using recommendations presented by ACI 318, NBR6118, Eurocode 2 and also the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT).Considering the database used it is possible to observe that ACI 318 presents conservative trends, whereas NBR 6118 showed a low coefficient of variation, but with a large number of unsafe results. Both Eurocode 2 and CSCT showed satisfactory results with Eurocode 2 presenting slightly higher performance

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ