La Materia Mediçinal de la Nueva España de Fray Francisco Ximénez. Reapropiación y resignificación del conocimiento médico novohispano

Esta investigación se realizó en el marco del proyecto «Fortalecimiento de las culturas autóctonas en la educación superior mediante procesos de traducción y producción literaria en lenguas indígenas» (n.º de reg. DGI: 332382014186) del IIE de la Universidad Veracruzana.El manuscrito Materia Mediçinal de la Nueua España, conservado en la Biblioteca de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid es una pieza fundamental para conocer el proceso de conformación de la medicina novohispana en el marco del desarrollo de la ciencia ibérica. Se identifica esta obra como la traducción prínceps de la De Materia Medica Nouæ Hispaniæ (1582), realizada hacia 1614 por Fr. Francisco Ximénez y texto-base para su posterior libro titulado Qvatro libros de la Natvraleza y virtvdes de las plantas y animales (1615). Un análisis comparativo de este manuscrito permite comprender la importancia de la traducción de ida y vuelta de la obra del Dr. Francisco Hernández como una reapropiación y reintegración de las prácticas médicas originarias de la Nueva España con el fin de dotarlas de prestigio y significación local. Ello reafirma su carácter autóctono y la autonomía de esta región como centro científico en el marco del mundo atlántico hispánico.DGI: 332382014186 Universidad Veracruzan

La Materia Mediçinal de la Nueva España de Fray Francisco Ximénez : reapropiación y resignificación del conocimiento médico novohispano

El manuscrito Materia Mediçinal de la Nueua España, conservado en la Biblioteca de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid es una pieza fundamental para conocer el proceso de conformación de la medicina novohispana en el marco del desarrollo de la ciencia ibérica. Se identifica esta obra como la traduccióne prínceps de la De Materia Medica Nouae Hispaniae (1582), realizada hacia 1614 por Fr. Francisco Ximénez y texto-base para su posterior libro titulado Qvatro libros de la Natvraleza y virtvdes de las plantas y animales (1615). Un análisis comparativo de este manuscrito permite comprender la importancia de la traducción de ida y vuelta de la obra del Dr. Francisco Hernández como una reapropiación y reintegración de las prácticas médicas originarias de la Nueva España con el fin de dotarlas de prestigio y significación local. Ello reafirma su carácter autóctono y la autonomía de esta región como centro científico en el marco del mundo atlántico hispánico.The manuscript Materia Mediçinal de la Nueua España, kept in the Library of the Complutense University of Madrid, is an essential source for knowledge on the configuration of novohispanic medicine within the development of Iberian science. This work is identified as the first translation of De Materia Medica Nouae Hispaniae (1582), carried out by Fr. Francisco Ximénez in around 1614 and the basis for his subsequent publication in 1615 of Qvatro libros de la Natvraleza y virtvdes de las plantas y animals (Four Books on Nature and the virtues of plants and animals) (1615). Comparative analysis of this manuscript reveals the importance of the back translation of the works of Dr. Francisco Hernández as a reappropriation and reintegration of the original medical practices in New Spain, aimed at endowing them with local prestige and significance. It reaffirms the autochthonous character of these practices and the autonomy of the region as a scientific center in Hispanic Atlantic world

Activity of Thioallyl Compounds From Garlic Against Giardia duodenalis Trophozoites and in Experimental Giardiasis

Fresh aqueous extracts (AGEs) and several thioallyl compounds (TACs) from garlic have an important antimicrobial activity that likely involves their interaction with exposed thiol groups at single aminoacids or target proteins. Since these groups are present in Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, in this work we evaluated the anti-giardial activity of AGE and several garlic's TACs. In vitro susceptibility assays showed that AGE affected trophozoite viability initially by a mechanism impairing cell integrity and oxidoreductase activities while diesterase activities were abrogated at higher AGE concentrations. The giardicidal activities of seven TACs were related to the molecular descriptor HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) energy and with their capacity to modify the –SH groups exposed in giardial proteins. Interestingly, the activity of several cysteine proteases in trophozoite lysates was inhibited by representative TACs as well as the cytopathic effect of the virulence factor giardipain-1. Of these, allicin showed the highest anti-giardial activity, the lower HOMO value, the highest thiol-modifying activity and the greatest inhibition of cysteine proteases. Allicin had a cytolytic mechanism in trophozoites with subsequent impairment of diesterase and oxidoreductase activities in a similar way to AGE. In addition, by electron microscopy a marked destruction of plasma membrane and endomembranes was observed in allicin-treated trophozoites while cytoskeletal elements were not affected. In further flow cytometry analyses pro-apoptotic effects of allicin concomitant to partial cell cycle arrest at G2 phase with the absence of oxidative stress were observed. In experimental infections of gerbils, the intragastric administration of AGE or allicin decreased parasite numbers and eliminated trophozoites in experimentally infected animals, respectively. These data suggest a potential use of TACs from garlic against G. duodenalis and in the treatment of giardiasis along with their additional benefits in the host's health

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified