Use of nutritional supplements in university students

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las características que determinan el consumo de suplementos nutricionales (SN). El universo estuvo conformado por alumnos de la Universidad de Montemorelos, en el que participaron 211 alumnos a los que se les aplicó una encuesta con preguntas cerradas, para obtener información acerca de nivel de escolaridad, tipo, duración, frecuencia y motivo del ejercicio realizado, la utilización de SN y tipo de orientación. Resultados: El 27.5% de los encuestados consume algún tipo de suplemento nutricional, Los SN más consumidos son proteínas (29.3%), bebida deportiva a la par de complejo vitamínico (20.7%). Los SN menos consumidos son L-Carnitina (8.6%) y creatina (5.2%). Se encontró que el tipo de ejercicio es un determinante para el consumo de algún tipo de SN. El sexo y motivo de ejercicio tienen influencia para la elección del tipo de SN. Los estudiantes varones demostraron una información incorrecta sobre los SN

Memory Effects in Nonequilibrium Transport for Deterministic Hamiltonian Systems

We consider nonequilibrium transport in a simple chain of identical mechanical cells in which particles move around. In each cell, there is a rotating disc, with which these particles interact, and this is the only interaction in the model. It was shown in \cite{eckmann-young} that when the cells are weakly coupled, to a good approximation, the jump rates of particles and the energy-exchange rates from cell to cell follow linear profiles. Here, we refine that study by analyzing higher-order effects which are induced by the presence of external gradients for situations in which memory effects, typical of Hamiltonian dynamics, cannot be neglected. For the steady state we propose a set of balance equations for the particle number and energy in terms of the reflection probabilities of the cell and solve it phenomenologically. Using this approximate theory we explain how these asymmetries affect various aspects of heat and particle transport in systems of the general type described above and obtain in the infinite volume limit the deviation from the theory in \cite{eckmann-young} to first-order. We verify our assumptions with extensive numerical simulations.Comment: Several change

Stabilization of explicit methods for convection diffusion equations by discrete mollification

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to show that discrete mollification is a simple and effective way to speed up explicit time-stepping schemes for partial differential equations. The second objective is to enhance the mollification method with a variety of alternatives for the treatment of boundary conditions. The numerical experiments indicate that stabilization by mollification is a technique that works well for a variety of explicit schemes applied to linear and nonlinear differential equations

The importance of various work aspects and their organiza tional consequences using Hofstede's cultural dimensions

This study examines the importance employees place on various work aspects according to their nation's relative positioning along Hofstede's four cultural dimension: power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/feminity. Based on a cross-national sample of over 5,000 employees representing 20 countries, the results uncover differential patterns of responses by cultural groupings. The data also suggest that importance and satisfaction interactively affect several organizational consequences critería: job satisfaction, company satisfaction, intent to leave the firm, and organizational cornmitment

The linkages between business strategies and compensation policies using miles and snow's framework

This study links a multidimensional measure of compensatíon strategy to Miles and Snow's (1978) business strategies, and examines their interactive impact on firm performance. The results reported here indicate that a more mechanistic compensation strategy makes a greater contribution to firm performance among defenders, while a more organic compensation strategy makes a greater contribution to firm performance among prospector

The effectiveness of organization-wide compensation strategies in technology intensive firms

This study examines compensation strategies formulated and implemented by high technology firms and their relative effectiveness. Based on a sample of 173 firms, empirical results indicate that the following pay strategies are most appropriate for high technology organizations: A greater emphasis on the individual rather than the job as the unit of analysis, sharing of risks between employees and the firm, an external market orientation, dispersed decision making authority for pay allocation purposes, reliance on aggregate incentives and a longer time orientation

La calidad de los maestros en Colombia: Desempeño en el examen de Estado del ICFES y la probabilidad de graduarse en el área de educación

Existe una estrecha relación entre la calidad de los maestros y la calidad de la educación que reciben los estudiantes. En Colombia, poco se sabe acerca de las competencias académicas de los maestros. Este documento investiga sobre el estándar académico de las personas que se gradúan de programas superiores en educación. Los resultados indican que existe una relación inversa entre el desempeño en la prueba de Estado del ICFES y la probabilidad de graduarse de un programa en el ´área de educación. Estimamos que esta probabilidad es cinco veces más alta cuando se obtuvo un puntaje del ICFES entre los más bajos que cuando se obtuvo un resultado entre los más altos. Esta diferencia es a ´un mayor para las mujeres. Las oportunidades más rentables en otras ocupaciones para las mujeres, particularmente para las de mayor competencia, y una distribución de salarios comprimida en el mercado de maestros explicarían el estándar académico bajo que se observa en esta profesión. ABSTRACT: There is a close relationship between teacher quality and the quality of education. Yet little is known in Colombia about the quality of teachers. In this paper we ask about the academic standard of people who obtain a tertiary degree in education. Results show a negative relationship between results in the standarized test to enter higher education (ICFES) and the probability of obtaining a tertiary degree in education (relative to other areas of study). We estimate that this probability is five-times higher for people with results among the lowest scores than for people with results among the highest. This difference broadens when we consider only women. Higher returns in alternative ocupations for high-ability women, and a compressed wage distribution for teachers would explain the lower academic standard of people entering teaching that we observe.maestros, profesores, competencia, calidad

Spatial rogue waves in photorefractive SBN crystals

We report on the excitation of large-amplitude waves, with a probability of around 1% of total peaks, on a photorefractive SBN crystal by using a simple experimental setup at room temperature. We excite the system using a narrow Gaussian beam and observe different dynamical regimes tailored by the value and time rate of an applied voltage. We identify two main dynamical regimes: a caustic one for energy spreading and a speckling one for peak emergence. Our observations are well described by a two-dimensional Schr\"odinger model with saturable local nonlinearity.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Diagnóstico de los Niveles I: Acercar y II: Promoción de la producción y el consumo sostenible, del Programa de Gestión Ambiental Empresarial en Bogotá D.C.

(Eng) Evaluation and feedback are essential in all management processes, especially when actions are aimed at target level of a local authority, especially as complex as a capital district. This document presents the main findings of the diagnosis that was made in Levels I and II of the Environmental Business Management Program (GAE by its acronym in spanish) in Bogota. For its development, management reports generated by the Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA) were consulted, and the approach of the actions in levels I and II quantitatively and qualitatively were evaluated. On the other hand, surveys were formulated and applied to both participating and external companies, the first ones, in spaces of the GAE Program, provided by the SDA, and the second through visits, phone calls and electronic mails. The analysis and processing of these data allowed us to establish the impact of levels I and II of the GAE Program on the perception, support and management of Cleaner Production (CP) and Sustainable Consumption (SC) in companies grounded in Bogota, the Capital District. Finally, based on the above, as well as in consultations with external entities, the recommendations for the planning and execution in order to contribute to the continuous improvement in the promotion of CP and SC in the productive sector were made.(Spa) La evaluación y la retroalimentación son fundamentales en todos los procesos de gestión, aún más cuando están dirigidos a orientar actuaciones a nivel de un ente territorial, especialmente tan complejo como lo es un Distrito Capital. El presente documento expone los principales hallazgos del diagnóstico que se realizó en los niveles I y II del Programa de Gestión Ambiental Empresarial (GAE) en la ciudad de Bogotá. Para su desarrollo, se consultaron los informes de gestión generados por la Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA) y se evaluaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente los planteamientos de las acciones consideradas en los niveles I y II. Por otra parte, se formularon y aplicaron encuestas tanto a empresas participantes como empresas externas, las primeras, en espacios propios del Programa GAE, facilitados por la SDA y las segundas a través de visitas, llamadas y correos electrónicos. El análisis y procesamiento de estos datos permitió establecer el impacto que han tenido los niveles I y II del Programa GAE en la percepción, el apoyo y la gestión de la Producción Más Limpia (PML) y Consumo Sostenible (CS) en las empresas con sede en Bogotá, Distrito Capital. Finalmente, basado en lo anterior, así como en consultas en entes externos, se formularon las recomendaciones pertinentes para la planeación y la ejecución con el fin de contribuir a la mejora continua en el fomento de la PML y CS en el sector productivo