Concurrent Polysubstance Use in College Students: A Brief Social Norms Intervention to Abate Use

Introduction: Many college students engage in marijuana and alcohol use, as well as concurrent and simultaneous polysubstance use of both of these substances (CPU, SPU). The literature on CPU and SPU in this population has not been comprehensively reviewed. It is also unclear whether when compared with concurrent users, simultaneous users experience increased risk of substance-related problems (problems), and if a brief normative feedback (NF) intervention is feasible for and can impact marijuana and alcohol use by concurrent users. Methods: This study involved: Paper 1) a narrative review of literature on marijuana and alcohol use and CPU and SPU in college students, Paper 2) secondary analysis to compare odds of experiencing problems between concurrent and simultaneous users, and Paper 3) the development and provision of a Web-based NF intervention targeted at freshmen. Intervention conditions included marijuana-only NF, alcohol-only NF and both marijuana and alcohol NF, with a one-month follow-up assessment. Results: Paper 1 found that CPU may increase students’ risk of experiencing problems and that more studies are needed to better understand CPU and SPU in college students. One-way ANOVA models in Paper 2 found that compared to concurrent users, simultaneous users engaged in more substance use. The odds of respondents in the two groups reporting some of the individual problems and experiencing four or more problems in the previous month were significantly different in multiple logistic regression models. Paper 3 found that provision of marijuana and alcohol NF to concurrent users is feasible. Significant time effects were found for five of the nine outcome variables related to norms perceptions, substance use and problems during linear mixed-models for repeated analyses. No significant condition or condition*time effects were found. Conclusions: More research is needed to further understand CPU and SPU and the potential for experiencing increased substance use and problems. This knowledge could be used to tailor prevention interventions to these patterns of use. It appears possible to deliver marijuana NF, both alone and alongside alcohol NF, but more research is needed to determine if marijuana use can effectively be modified with brief interventions that have been supported for alcohol prevention

Using iSkills and SAILS to Assess Information Literacy: What Do We Know and What Do We Do Now?

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Indigenous Digital Inclusion: Interconnections and Comparisons

This paper explores published research on Indigenous digital inclusion, starting from the premise that Indigenous peoples adopt and use digital technologies in ways that fit their specific social contexts. Analysis of search results from Scopus and Web of Science aimed to identify common themes and approaches, and to explore differences and interconnections between research from disparate academic disciplines. The findings indicate that research from Australasia features prominently and that the Social and Computer Sciences produce the bulk of the work in this area. Conclusions comment on the importance of a strengths-based, as opposed to a deficit, approach to research and instruction in Indigenous digital inclusion

Critical Incidents and Librarian Professional Identity in LIS Pedagogy: Research Methodology as Pedagogical Tool Embedded in Reflexive Practice

Traditional conceptualisations of the library profession have been challenged due to persistent societal change, similarly affecting professional education. Challenges resulting from such change can be understood as uncertainty of definition and fit in society, and thus a questioning of professional identity. Examinations of professional identity offers potential in practice when introduced in the educational context. This paper outlines a pedagogical tool adapted from a method used in research investigating public librarian professional identity in New Zealand. The tool leverages the elicitation of critical incidents, along with guided questions, to prompt examination of professional identity. The tool is embedded within reflexive practice, creating a framework to understand and engage within increasingly interconnected and changing contexts

Towards A Taxonomy of Emerging Topics in Open Government Data: A Bibliometric Mapping Approach

The purpose of this paper is to capture the emerging research topics in Open Government Data (OGD) through a bibliometric mapping approach. Previous OGD research has covered the evolution of the discipline with the application of bibliometric mapping tools. However, none of these studies have extended the bibliometric mapping approach for taxonomy building. Realizing this potential, we used a bibliometric tool to perform keyword analysis as a foundation for taxonomy construction. A set of keyword clusters was constructed, and qualitative analysis software was used for taxonomy creation. Emerging topics were identified in a taxonomy form. This study contributes towards the development of an OGD taxonomy. This study contributes to the procedural realignment of a past study by incorporating taxonomy building elements for taxonomy creation. These contributions are significant because there is insufficient taxonomy research in the OGD discipline. The taxonomy building procedures extended in this study are applicable to other fields

“Do not look at me like that”: Is the facial expression score reliable and accurate to evaluate pain in large domestic animals? A systematic review

Introduction: Facial expression scoring has proven to be useful for pain evaluation in humans. In the last decade, equivalent scales have been developed for various animal species, including large domestic animals. The research question of this systematic review was as follows: is facial expression scoring (intervention) a valid method to evaluate pain (the outcome) in large domestic animals (population)? Method: We searched two databases for relevant articles using the search string: “grimace scale” OR “facial expression” AND animal OR “farm animal” NOT “mouse” NOT “rat” NOT “laboratory animal.” The risk of bias was estimated by adapting the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) checklist. Results: The search strategy extracted 30 articles, with the major share on equids and a considerable number on cows, pigs, and sheep. Most studies evaluated facial action units (FAUs), including the eye region, the orbital region, the cheek or the chewing muscles, the lips, the mouth, and the position of the ears. Interobserver reliability was tested in 21 studies. Overall FAU reliability was substantial, but there were differences for individual FAUs. The position of the ear had almost perfect interobserver reliability (interclass coefficient (ICC): 0.73–0.97). Validity was tested in five studies with the reported accuracy values ranging from 68.2 to 80.0%. Discussion: This systematic review revealed that facial expression scores provide an easy method for learning and reliable test results to identify whether an animal is in pain or distress. Many studies lack a reference standard and a true control group. Further research is warranted to evaluate the test accuracy of facial expression scoring as a live pen side test

Influences of a Cladophora Bloom on the Diets of Amblema plicata and Elliptio dilatata in the Upper Green River, Kentucky

Freshwater mussels are the most imperiled group of freshwater invertebrates globally. Recent research suggests a better understanding of mussel feeding ecology may facilitate and improve conservation efforts. The use of stable isotopes is becoming an increasingly common method to study aquatic food webs. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most frequently employed elements in food web studies. Differences in natural abundance of 13C/12C can indicate which food sources are the basal sources of carbon incorporated into a consumer’s tissue, while the ratio of 15N /14N provides a method of assessing trophic position within a food web. Attached macroalgae, including the genus Cladophora, may be the dominant primary producers in running water systems. Cladophora, however, has not yet been indicated as a prominent assimilated food source for freshwater mussels. The overall purpose of this study was to assess if the diet of two common Green River mussel species, Amblema plicata (Say) and Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque) were influenced by the seasonal change in availability of Cladophora during a summer-autumn rapid growth period. Two specific questions were asked: 1) Are the assimilated diets different between control and treatment areas, and 2) are the assimilated diets influenced by differing Cladophora levels across the study period? A mesocosm approach was employed in order to manipulate Cladophora levels within a treatment area. Seventy-two mussels, 36 each species, were sampled across four months, twice between control (= reachscale, heavy Cladophora cover) and treatment (= local-scale removal of Cladophora) areas. The freeware program, IsoSource, a concentration-weighted linear mixing model, was used to determine the potential contribution of potential food sources to the diet of both mussel species. IsoSource revealed that Cladophora was the primary assimilated food source for both species across the study period. Although assimilated diets were not different between control and treatment areas, diets were, however, influenced by Cladophora availability across time. The results of this study indicate that, during bloom conditions, Cladophora is the primary carbon source for both A. plicata and E. dilatata and may form the base of food webs in the upper Green River

Exposure of Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Trichuris muris to albendazole, albendazole sulfoxide, mebendazole and oxantel pamoate in vitro and in vivo to elucidate the pathway of drug entry into these gastrointestinal nematodes

Millions of people are treated with anthelmintics to control soil-transmitted helminth infections; yet, drug distribution in the plasma and gastrointestinal tract compartments and the pathway of drug uptake into gastrointestinal nematodes responsible for the pharmacological effect are unknown. We assessed the distribution and uptake of albendazole, albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone in the hookworm Heligmosomoides polygyrus in vitro and in vivo as well as the distribution and uptake of albendazole, mebendazole, and oxantel pamoate in the whipworm Trichuris muris in vitro and invivo. Oral and intraperitoneal treatments (100 mg/kg) were studied. Drug quantities in helminths and host compartments (stomach, the contents and mucosa of the small and large intestine, and the plasma) were determined using HPLC-UV/vis and anthelmintic activities were recorded using phenotypic readout. The influence of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), an irreversible and unspecific cytochrome P450 inhibitor, on albendazole disposition in mice harboring H. polygyrus was evaluated. In vivo, albendazole was found in quantities up to 10 nmol per ten H. polygyrus and up to 31 nmol per ten T. muris. ABT did not change the levels of albendazole or its metabolites in the plasma of mice harboring H. polygyrus or in H. polygyrus, whereas drug levels in the gastrointestinal tract of host mice doubled. Mebendazole and oxantel pamoate quantities per ten T. muris were as high as 21 nmol and 34 nmol, respectively. Albendazole revealed a very dynamic distribution and high rate of metabolism, hence, H. polygyrus and T. muris are exposed to albendazole and both metabolites via multiple pathways. Diffusion through the cuticle seems to be the crucial pathway of oxantel pamoate uptake into T. muris, and likely also for mebendazole. No relationship between concentrations measured in helminths and concentrations in plasma, intestinal content and mucosa of mice, or drug efficacy was noted for any of the drugs studied

Conceptualization of Digital Twins in an Education Services Environment: A Straw Man Proposal

Digital twins have been used in manufacturing to describe, predict, and prescribe responses to complex problems. The digital twin is a constellation of technologies that mirror physical objects in the virtual world, including what has happened, is happening and could or should happen in the future for the mirrored object. What is common in previous conceptualizations of digital twins is that there is a physical boundary to the extent that digital twins can mirror real objects (sometimes including the objects’ environments). We propose a blended approach, using McKinsey’s straw man and Parmar et al.’s. (2020) framework, to offer a more rigorously structured process for arriving at a refined conceptualization of digital twins in the educational service environment

A Case Study of Stakeholder Perspectives on a Flipped Classroom Initiative Using an Organizational Routines Lens

This case study of a flipped classroom initiative considers multiple stakeholder perspectives on themes of pedagogy, digitization, and organizational issues. We found that all the stakeholders were enthusiastic about flipped classrooms in principle. However, at a detailed level, there were tensions and differences between the groups with regard to the extent to which they preferred the new initiative or the status quo. The underlying explanation for these differences was explained using organizational practice theory. Stakeholders were more inclined to prefer the status quo when practices that were important to their performance were disrupted. We conclude that resistance associated with tensions arising from disruptions to organizational practices should not be dismissed as “change resistance” but accepted as an opportunity to develop new routine