From International Treaties to Internet Norms: The Evolution of International Trademark Disputes in the Internet Age

In today\u27s dynamic, digital economy, there is a global clash between geographically bounded intellectual property rights and the limitless reach of the Internet. Traditionally, discrepancies in international intellectual property rights, such as trademark disputes, have been resolved through time-consuming, multilateral state-to-state treaty negotiations that have global harmonization as the primary goal. With the explosion of e-commerce and the birth of a New Economy, however, such a traditional process is no longer economically viable. Instead, a new approach towards international intellectual property is fast emerging - one that rests not on treaties between multiple states, but on the private contracting of individuals and the social norms of the cyberspace community. This article explores how this new approach of private ordering and Internet social norms operates in the arena of international trademark disputes. The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy recently established by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers provides an example of how private contracts have come to replace the sovereignty of nation-states in the resolution of international trademark disputes. Analyzing this new policy in detail, this article concludes that international trademarks are just one aspect of a greater trend - fostered by the Internet - away from top-down administration and towards a more democratic, and perhaps even populist, mode of decision making

Prevalence of antibodies against enteroviruses in the populations of Lucknow

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A renewed focus on primary health care: revitalize or reframe?

The year 2008 celebrated 30 years of Primary Health Care (PHC) policy emerging from the Alma Ata Declaration with publication of two key reports, the World Health Report 2008 and the Report of the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. Both reports reaffirmed the relevance of PHC in terms of its vision and values in today's world. However, important challenges in terms of defining PHC, equity and empowerment need to be addressed. This article takes the form of a commentary reviewing developments in the last 30 years and discusses the future of this policy. Three challenges are put forward for discussion (i) the challenge of moving away from a narrow technical bio-medical paradigm of health to a broader social determinants approach and the need to differentiate primary care from primary health care; (ii) The challenge of tackling the equity implications of the market oriented reforms and ensuring that the role of the State in the provision of welfare services is not further weakened; and (iii) the challenge of finding ways to develop local community commitments especially in terms of empowerment. These challenges need to be addressed if PHC is to remain relevant in today's context. The paper concludes that it is not sufficient to revitalize PHC of the Alma Ata Declaration but it must be reframed in light of the above discussion