A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF MODERN NATURAL RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Abstract. This essay seeks to study the relationship between the natural rights and international human rights. Thus, we first discuss the foundations and basic notions in natural rights and human rights and then we turn to the analysis of the concept of modern natural rights and international human rights. The concept of natural rights has its origin in ancient times and a divine perspective of man informed by religion and such figures as Thomas Aquinas are among those theoreticians who have analyzed the notion of natural rights within the framework of human divine nature. However, after Middle Ages, some thinkers like Hobbes and Lock provided social analyses of natural rights and due to which suggested that the roots of these rights should be sought for in the natural state of human social life humankind enjoys certain conditions that allow him to have access to natural rights. The international rights that havebeen stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights share deep roots with natural rights. In fact, through an evolutionary course the natural rights have evolved to rights of man and finally to human rights. Such principles as freedom, ownership and self-defense are equally underlined by natural rights and human rights. But in other cases which have been stipulated in the Declaration have gone beyond the level of modern natural rights and includes other different rights like the right of welfare, right of citizenship and some particular social and economic social rights that are of alternative nature as compared to modern natural rights

Lignin Degradation Processes and the Purification of Valuable Products

Lignin is a heterogeneous, phenolic and polydisperse biopolymer which resists degradation due to its aromatic and highly branched structure. Lignin is the most abundant renewable source of aromatic molecules on earth. The valorization of lignin could therefore provide a sustainable alternative to petroleum refineries for the production of valuable aromatic compounds. Even so, paper mills and lignocellulose feedstock biorefineries treat lignin largely as a waste product. In paper mills, 98% of technical lignin is incinerated for internal energy recovery while only 2% is used commercially (e.g. for the production of aromatics such as vanillin). The reasons for the underutilization of lignin include its recalcitrance to degradation and the challenge of separating mixtures of numerous degradation products. The successful valorization of lignin in the future thus depends on a broad understanding of biological and technical degradation processes, and the implementation of efficient product purification strategies. This article describes enzymatic, photocatalytic and thermochemical lignin degradation processes and considers purification methods for valuable lignin-derived degradation products. We focus on the potential of membrane-based separation technology, including data from our own recent research

Comparison of Combination of Sclerotherapy and Tiersch's Procedure with Perineal Rectopexy with Mesh in Children

Introduction: Perineal rectopexy is a method for surgical treatment of rectal prolapse in children, but its accomplished using different techniques. We investigated the combination therapy of Tiersch's operation and sclerotherapy and compared its outcome with mesh rectopexy with talc. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 children with rectal prolapse were selected and divided in two groups. In the control group rectopexy was performed by perineal mesh rectopexy with talc. In the case group, injection of 30% saline and, Tiersch’s operation were performed. The parameters used to compare the success of interventions were improvement of incontinence and constipation and a low rate of recurrence. Result: Our results showed that the rate of improvement in constipation and incontinency was not significantly different in the two groups. The recurrence rate was 1.6 % in both groups in one year of follow up. Fifteen patients (37.5%) in the control group had severe anxiety and pain during the extraction of mesh. The length of hospitalization was 6.2± 0.94 in the controls and 0.86± 0.63 days in case group. Conclusion: Our study suggests the combination perineal therapy (T+S) as an alternative approach for children who have limitations regarding talc rectopexy or the high hospital charges related to this approach

Feasibility Of Ceramic Ultra- And Nanofiltration Membranes For Removal Of Endotoxins

The removal of endotoxins, a potential contaminant of dialysis water and dialysate, is a very difficult task. The endotoxin removal capacity of commercial ceramic membranes with a nominal molecular weight cut-off of < 1,000 and adsorber membranes was investigated. The dead-end filtration results showed that all investigated ceramic membranes produce water meeting the European standards when challenged with low endotoxin concentrations, but only one membrane type succeeded at high endotoxin concentrations. In addition, we present preliminary analysis of the factors determining bacterial fragment removal from water of different ceramic and polymeric adsorptive membranes

Impacts of urban passages on formation of Iranian bazaars : case study of the historic bazaar of Tabriz

Bazaars have long since been of the most influential components of the traditional Iranian cities, having significant impacts on the formation and development of many Iranian cities. This study was motivated by the fact that the subject of bazaar and its mutual relationship with the formation of Iranian civilization has not yet been taken into account well. The study adapted an interpretive-historical research approach that utilized archival research as well as field studies and validated the findings through triangulation of findings with the seminal literature. It chose the historical bazaar of Tabriz as the case of study. Findings proposed that among the important components of the traditional Iranian cities, urban passages and organs have had the highest impacts on the formation and development of bazaars. The study concluded that in the context of Tabriz, traditional urban passages and the bazaar have had significant impacts on the formation of each other. This was a unique and significant study, which discovered new aspects of the important roles of bazaars in formation of Islamic cities and cultures

An Innovative Optical Sensor for the Online Monitoring and Control of Biomass Concentration in a Membrane Bioreactor System for Lactic Acid Production

Citation: Fan, R.; Ebrahimi, M.; Quitmann, H.; Aden, M.; Czermak, P. An Innovative Optical Sensor for the Online Monitoring and Control of Biomass Concentration in a Membrane Bioreactor System for Lactic Acid Production. Sensors 2016, 16, 411.Accurate real-time process control is necessary to increase process efficiency, and optical sensors offer a competitive solution because they provide diverse system information in a noninvasive manner. We used an innovative scattered light sensor for the online monitoring of biomass during lactic acid production in a membrane bioreactor system because biomass determines productivity in this type of process. The upper limit of the measurement range in fermentation broth containing Bacillus coagulans was ~2.2 g·L?1. The specific cell growth rate (µ) during the exponential phase was calculated using data representing the linear range (cell density ? 0.5 g·L?1). The results were consistently and reproducibly more accurate than offline measurements of optical density and cell dry weight, because more data were gathered in real-time over a shorter duration. Furthermore, µmax was measured under different filtration conditions (transmembrane pressure 0.3–1.2 bar, crossflow velocity 0.5–1.5 m·s?1), showing that energy input had no significant impact on cell growth. Cell density was monitored using the sensor during filtration and was maintained at a constant level by feeding with glucose according to the fermentation kinetics. Our novel sensor is therefore suitable for integration into control strategies for continuous fermentation in membrane bioreactor systems

Treatment of the Bleaching Effluent from Sulfite Pulp Production by Ceramic Membrane Filtration

Citation: Ebrahimi, M.; Busse, N.; Kerker, S.; Schmitz, O.; Hilpert, M.; Czermak, P. Treatment of the Bleaching Effluent from Sulfite Pulp Production by Ceramic Membrane Filtration. Membranes 2016, 6, 7.Pulp and paper waste water is one of the major sources of industrial water pollution. This study tested the suitability of ceramic tubular membrane technology as an alternative to conventional waste water treatment in the pulp and paper industry. In this context, in series batch and semi-batch membrane processes comprising microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, ceramic membranes were developed to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and remove residual lignin from the effluent flow during sulfite pulp production. A comparison of the ceramic membranes in terms of separation efficiency and performance revealed that the two-stage process configuration with microfiltration followed by ultrafiltration was most suitable for the efficient treatment of the alkaline bleaching effluent tested herein, reducing the COD concentration and residual lignin levels by more than 35% and 70%, respectively

Contributions of dysfunctional attitude scale and general health subscales to prediction and odds ratio of depression

Background and aim: Dysfunctional attitude may be predispose factor for depression, but there are few investigations for that. The aim of this study was to determine contributions of dysfunctional attitude and general health index based on GHQ-28 to depression. Methods: In this description and analytical study, a total of 65 patients with major depression and dythymic disorder from Noor and Navab-Safavi psychiatry clinics and 65 healthy individuals with age and sex, and education matched were randomly selected. Dysfunctional attitude scale and general health questionnaire were filled in by two groups. Data were analyzed using linear and logistic regression and correlation methods. Results: Logistic regression analysis on categorized scores of DAS- 26 as high and low risk revealed that odds ration for high risk group was 6.89 fold than low risk one (OR=6.82, Cl/95, 2.9-16.06). Two point serial correlation between DAS-26 and psychiatrist diagnosis was 0.44. Also, major depression and dysthymic disorder was significantly predicted by general health subscales (P<0.001). Conclusion: Dysfunctional attitude may be a predisposing risk factor of depression. Predict depression support and Becks cognitive diathesis stress theory of depression that dysfunctional attitude (26 options) can be used for determination of depression in this group

Two-Stage Integrated Ceramic Membrane Reactor System For The Continuous Enzymatic Synthesis Of Oligosaccharides

A new type of ceramic membrane reactor is proposed for the continuous enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides using native enzyme. Beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose to the monosaccharides glucose and galactose and also the transgalactosylation reaction to produce galactosyloligosaccharides (GOS). GOS are non-digestible oligosaccharides which are recognized as prebiotics. GOS consist of a number of oligosaccharides with varying ß-glycosidic linkages depending on the enzyme source. In this work, the results for the continuous production of GOS from lactose by means of physically-confined ß- Galactosidase in a novel ceramic membrane reactor system are presented

Mediating factors of coping process in parents of children with type 1 diabetes

Background: Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong condition for children and their parents, the management for which imposes a vast responsibility. This study explores the mediating factors that affect Iranian parents' coping processes with their children's type 1 diabetes.Methods: Research was conducted using the grounded theory method. Participants were selected purposefully, and we continued with theoretical sampling. Constant comparative analysis was used to analyze the data.Results: The mediating factors of the parental coping process with their child's diabetes consist of the child's cooperation, crises and experiences, economic challenges, and parental participation in care.Conclusion: Findings highlight the necessity of well-informed nurses with insightful understanding of the mediating factors in parental coping with juvenile diabetes in order to meet the particular needs of this group. © 2013 Oskouie et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd