Effect of Crocus sativus Stigma (saffron) alone or in combination with chloroquine on chloroquine sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei in mice

Introduction: In malaria treatment protocols, treatment failure or drug resistance of synthesized drugs like alkaloids related to quinine, and aminoquinolines are the main problems now. Therefore, discovering efficient drugs or combination therapy of blood schizonticidal drugs with different mechanisms or different targets in the parasite is a crucial effort to solve this problem. In this study, the effectiveness of Crocus sativus Stigma (saffron) individually and in combination with chloroquine, was considered against chloroquine–sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei.Methods: At the first stage, using 4 day suppressive Peter’s test in mice, ED50 and survival times of saffron methanol extract, and its aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions and chloroquine on P. berghei were calculated. Then, based on the toxicity and survival time results, combination therapy was conducted with the best saffron fraction and chloroquine against the parasite.Results: The saffron extract, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions resulted in suppression of parasitemia with ED50 values of 587.0 ± 78.7, 323.7 ± 37.2, and 508.7 ± 35.6 mg/kg, respectively. Combination of ethyl acetate fraction with chloroquine, potentiated the antimalarial property and the survived percent of the treated mice on days 7, 14, and 28 significantly more than chloroquine or ethyl acetate fraction alone.Conclusion: Saffron and its fractions individually can be effective in reducing the parasitemia in mice. The outcome of combination of ethyl acetate fraction with chloroquine on the mice showed synergistic effect on the chloroquine–sensitive strain of parasite

Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields during foetal life on adulthood learning in male rat

زمینه و هدف: صنعتی شدن، محیط ما را در معرض میدان های الکترومغناطیسیی قرار داده است که حفاظت در مقابل آنها مشکل به نظر می رسد. در این مطالعه تاثیر امواج الکترومغناطیسی با فرکانس پایین در دوران جنینی بر میزان یادگیری موش صحرایی در زمان بلوغ بررسی شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، 48 سر موش صحرایی حامله نژاد اسپراگ داولی به 6 گروه 8 تایی شامل گروه کنترل، شاهد و گروه های با فرکانس 5 یا 25 هرتز و شدتهای 50 یا 500 µT تقسیم شدند. مدت زمان تابش 4 ساعت در روز، از 8 تا 12 صبح به صورت مداوم از اولین روز حاملگی تا روز پانزدهم حاملگی بود. پس از زایمان شاخص های یادگیری، وزن بدن، وزن مغز، حجم مغز، نسبت وزن مغز به وزن بدن و چگالی مغز روی فرزندان نر دو ماهه آنها بررسی شد. یادگیری با کمک جعبه شاتل (Shuttle box) به روش یادگیری اجتنابی فعال یک طرفه آزمایش شد و تعداد پاسخ های شرطی و دوره تاخیر پاسخ ها در گروه های مختلف، به کمک آزمون آماری کروسکال والیس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: بررسی آماری نتایج نشان داد که فرکانس 25 هرتز و شدت 50 میکروتسلا باعث بهبود یادگیری، کاهش وزن بدن و افزایش نسبت وزن مغز به وزن بدن می شود (05/0

Studying the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase

Concepts such as green marketing-environmental and social marketing have been proposed in marketing literature over time for acting to social responsibility of corporations. Green marketing which is known as sustainable marketing too is a process that is implemented today even in developing countries. Due to the issue of preserving the environment consumers rethink about the products they purchase. Nowadays, many consumers are prepared to pay a higher price for the products which observe environmental standards for actual protection of the environment. The present paper intended to study the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase in manufacturing companies. To this end, one primary hypothesis and twelve secondary hypotheses were proposed. The survey was conducted using descriptive-applied method and researcher self-made questionnaire was tool of data collection. The statistical population included one-hundred fifty nine employees of a manufacturing company among whom one hundred persons were selected as research sample using Cochran formula. The results revealed that there is a significant and positive relation between green marketing mix and market share increase and all hypotheses were confirmed. The present paper has implications for managers of service and industrial corporations and marketing and management researchers

Studying the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase

Concepts such as green marketing-environmental and social marketing have been proposed in marketing literature over time for acting to social responsibility of corporations. Green marketing which is known as sustainable marketing too is a process that is implemented today even in developing countries. Due to the issue of preserving the environment consumers rethink about the products they purchase. Nowadays, many consumers are prepared to pay a higher price for the products which observe environmental standards for actual protection of the environment. The present paper intended to study the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase in manufacturing companies. To this end, one primary hypothesis and twelve secondary hypotheses were proposed. The survey was conducted using descriptive-applied method and researcher self-made questionnaire was tool of data collection. The statistical population included one-hundred fifty nine employees of a manufacturing company among whom one hundred persons were selected as research sample using Cochran formula. The results revealed that there is a significant and positive relation between green marketing mix and market share increase and all hypotheses were confirmed. The present paper has implications for managers of service and industrial corporations and marketing and management researchers

Choroidal Thickness in Acute Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Purpose: To compare the choroidal thickness in eyes with acute non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) with healthy contralateral eye and normal controls. Methods: Thirty-eight eyes with NAION, thirty-eight unaffected fellow eyes, and seventy four eyes from 37 healthy, age- and sex-matched subjects were included in this prospective comparative case-control study. Choroidal thickness was measured by enhanced depth imaging (EDI) of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Peripapillary choroidal thickness (PCT) was measured at 1000 and 1500 μm from Bruch's membrane opening (BMO). Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was measured in central subfoveal area, and 500 microns apart in temporal and nasal sides. Choroidal thickness among NAION eyes, uninvolved fellow eyes, and control eyes were compared. Results: The mean of PCT at 1000 μm was significantly thicker in NAION and fellow eyes compared to control eyes (169.7 ± 47, 154.4 ± 42.1, and 127.7 ± 49.9 μm, respectively, P < 0.001 and P = 0.42). The mean PCT at 1500 μm was also significantly thicker in NAION and fellow eyes compared to control eyes (178.6 ± 52.8, 162.6 ± 46.1, and 135.1 ± 59 μm, respectively, P = 0.007 and P = 0.048). The mean PCT at 1000 and 1500 μm was significantly greater in NAION compared to fellow eyes (P = 0.027 and P = 0.035, respectively). The mean of SFCT was significantly thicker in NAION compared to control eyes (P = 0.032); however, there was no significant difference between uninvolved fellow and control eyes (P = 0.248). Conclusion: Thicker choroidal thickness in acute NAION and uninvolved fellow eyes compared to normal eyes suggests a primary choroidal role in NAION pathophysiology

Studying the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase

Concepts such as green marketing-environmental and social marketing have been proposed in marketing literature over time for acting to social responsibility of corporations. Green marketing which is known as sustainable marketing too is a process that is implemented today even in developing countries. Due to the issue of preserving the environment consumers rethink about the products they purchase. Nowadays, many consumers are prepared to pay a higher price for the products which observe environmental standards for actual protection of the environment. The present paper intended to study the effect of green marketing mix on market share increase in manufacturing companies. To this end, one primary hypothesis and twelve secondary hypotheses were proposed. The survey was conducted using descriptive-applied method and researcher self-made questionnaire was tool of data collection. The statistical population included one-hundred fifty nine employees of a manufacturing company among whom one hundred persons were selected as research sample using Cochran formula. The results revealed that there is a significant and positive relation between green marketing mix and market share increase and all hypotheses were confirmed. The present paper has implications for managers of service and industrial corporations and marketing and management researchers

Economic Efficiency of Intensive Care Units Department of Hospitals Affiliated With Yazd University of Medical Sciences: A DEA Approach

Introduction:Hospitals as the most expensive health care system is an operational unit, considering the cost efficiency of this unit is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the intensive care units of hospitals affiliated with Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Methods:This is a descriptive - analytic study performed in 2014. Intensive care units of 8 hospitals affiliated with Yazd University of Medical Sciences were included in this study. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the economic efficiency of intensive care units. Input variables included the number of physicians, nurses, and active beds, as well as the number of equipment (ventilator), and output variables included bed occupancy rate and the number of patients discharged healthy. Input prices contained the doctors and nurses income, bed price, and depreciation cost of equipment (ventilator). Results:The findings show that among 8 studied hospitals, the efficiency of 5 hospitals were 1 and the efficiencies of the other hospitals were 0.174, 0.645, and 0.855. The mean economic efficiency of intensive care units of all hospitals was 834.0 in 2014. Conclusion:By ameliorating the allocation of resources allocated for hospitals including human resources and equipment, the efficiency level of hospitals can be improved. Key¬words:Economic Efficiency, Educational Hospital, Data Envelope Analysis (DEA). Citation: Abedi M, Bahrami MA, Yusefzadeh H, Kiani MM, Moeeni M.Economic Efficiency of Intensive Care Units Department of Hospitals Affiliated With Yazd University of Medical Sciences: A DEA Approach.Journal of Health Based Research 2016; 2(1): 29-38

Design a Collector with More Reliability against Defects during Manufacturing in Nanometer Technology, QCA

ABSTRACT Nowadays Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) as the leading technology in design of microelectronic systems has been raised. With respect to high velocity and density in low power and also simple concepts, this technology is a viable alternative to CMOS technology. In collector design, the primary component of each processor is very important. Due to the small elements in this technology, failure rate in manufacturing process technology is very high. In the other hand, the simulation shows that the intersection point of two wires is one of the critical points in QCA circuits. This means that defects in the manufacturing process around these points can cause malfunction in the circuit performance. In this paper, a collector in cross sections of wire in his new method used higher reliability against defects during manufacturing has been developed. QCA Designer software is used to simulate the case study system