Evaluations of the actions for achieving millennium development goals

Volume 4, Issue 1, December 201

Effect of Different Salinity Level on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Production under Climate Change Condition in Bangladesh

Tomato is a crop with the greatest economic importance in the world and salinity stress causes are reduction in the quantity and quality of crop production. Today the main challenge in world agriculture is to sustain the continuously growing global population, and this becomes more difficult due to climatic change, as this imposes further abiotic stress. The aim of this study was to find out the salinity effect on tomato production. The study was initiated at the Irrigation and Water Management (IWM) research field of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Bangladesh during October 2007 to April 2008 cropping season. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The treatments were: T1= Irrigation with fresh water, T2= Irrigation with saline water containing 4 dS m−1 of Electrical conductivity (Seawater cannot hold as much dissolved oxygen as freshwater due to its high salinity. Conductivity and salinity have a strong correlation.), T3= Irrigation with saline water containing 6 dS m−1 of Electrical conductivity, T4= Irrigation with saline water containing 8 dS m−1 of Electrical conductivity and T5= Irrigation with saline water containing 10 dS m−1 of Electrical conductivity. We found that the plants irrigated with the T1 treatment (Irrigation with fresh water) was the highest fruit yield plant-1 (1.52 kg) whereas the lowest yield (0.667 kg) was obtained from the higher level of saline water treatment T5 (10 dS m−1). When the fruit yield was considered the effective treatment for the highest total fruit yield (36.57 t ha-1) was produced by the T1 treatment (Irrigation with fresh water) and the lowest fruit yield (21.87 t ha-1) was found from the treatment T5 (10 dS m−1). The effect of different salinity levels of irrigation such as fresh water, 4 dS m−1, 6 dS m−1, 8 dS m−1 and 10 dS m−1 on total soluble solid was significantly influenced. The highest total soluble solid (2.53) was shown in T5 treatment (10 dS m−1) whereas the lowest (2.00) in Irrigation with fresh water treatment

Essays on Health Behaviors in Developing Countries

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2022This thesis contains three essays on how access to health care and health information affect health behaviors and health beliefs in developing countries. In the first chapter, I study why rural households in Bangladesh keep seeking health advice from untrained informal providers when mobile health services (MHS) are freely available from qualified public healthcare providers and how they can be nudged to adopt the MHS. Using a randomized controlled trial among 2900 rural households from 580 neighborhoods in Bangladesh, this paper studies whether and how the adoption of mobile health services can be improved. I find that information about the service improves households’ awareness by more than 30 percentage points but does not affect the adoption in the following two months. Among the participants who were also encouraged to call at one of the MHS phone numbers to see how the service works, 63% attempted during the intervention and 22% of them used the service in the following two months. The adoption of MHS decreases households’ health expenditure, mostly driven by the reduction in medicine consumption. This happened because households, who adopted MHS, also made fewer visits to informal providers who usually overprescribe medicine. The second chapter studies how information can affect people’s health risk beliefs and health behaviors. The local prevalence of infections and the severity of its consequences are among the key determinants of the adoption of preventive behaviors for an infectious disease. By conducting a survey among more than 2000 adults in Bangladesh, I find that most people either do not know or underestimate the local prevalence of COVID-19 infections and overestimate its fatality rate. In a randomized experiment, I give the treatment group information about the coronavirus case number in their districts and the case fatality rate in Bangladesh and worldwide. Immediately after receiving the information, the treatment group perceives higher infection risk. Nine to fifteen days after the intervention, those who received information underestimate the local prevalence less and, consequently, still perceive higher infection risk than the control group. The treatment group also updates their belief about the fatality rate downward. Potentially due to this countervailing update of risk beliefs, the information does not have any effect on the self-reported preventive behaviors. In the final chapter, I develop a simple model which illustrates why opposition leaders can be very effective for the COVID-19 vaccination awareness campaign. To test this empirically, I also conduct an experiment in Bangladesh where 3,781 individuals in Bangladesh randomly received information about COVID-19 and its vaccines, the vaccination status of ruling and opposition leaders. While all treatments improved confidence on COVID-19 vaccines, the information about the opposition leaders’ vaccination status decreased the perceived side effects. The participants from the opposition treatment are 11 percentage points more likely to intend to get vaccinated than the participants of the information treatment

PORK TAPEWORM (TAENIA SAGINATA ASIATICA) INFECTION IN RURAL BANGLADESH

Tapeworm infection is most common in cattle and pork breeding areas. Humans are the definitive host. Gravid segments of T saginata are passed in human feces to soil, where they are ingested by grazing animals, especially cattle. The eggs then hatch to release embryos that encyst in muscle as cysticerci. Humans are infected by eating raw or undercooked infected beef. Most individuals infected with T saginata are asymptomatic, but abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal symptoms may be present. Eosinophilia is common. The most common presenting finding is the passage of proglottids in the stool.Treatment is highly satisfactory with praziquantel. Taenia Saginata Asiatica is a variant of Taenia saginata where the intermediate host is Pork. Normally the pork tapeworm is mean for Taenia solium. But in case of asiatica variant it is Taenia Saginata that can also lead to pork tapeworm infection. It is not uncommon in south east asia region. Here is a case report of pork tapeworm in a primary are hospital in Bangladesh Key words: Pork, Tapeworm, Taenia Saginata Asiatica,Rural Cestodes, or tapeworms, are segmented worms. Th

Present Prospectus of Malnutrition in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract. Malnutrition is both over nutrition and under nutrition. As in Bangladesh the rapidity of under nutrition is too elevated, although slow, the rate of overweight and obesity in children and women is also rising. Under-nutrition results from micronutrient including essential vitamins and minerals deficiencies and both macro (protein energy deficiency). Malnutrition is anticipated to be causes of about 60% of maternal childhood and deaths in Bangladesh. Development in overall nutritional condition has been sluggish over the years. Rate of feasting and underweight both remain inappropriately very high in the country still