9 research outputs found

    Obstacles at every turn: Barriers to political participation faced by Native American voters

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    In 2017-2018, the Native American Voting Rights Coalition held nine public hearings to better understand how Native Americans are systemically and culturally kept from fully exercising their right to vote. More than 120 witnesses testified from dozens of tribes across the Midwest, Southwest, West Coast, and Alaska. This report is the product of those hearings and provides detailed evidence that Native people face obstacles at every turn in the electoral process: from registering to vote, to casting votes, to having votes counted

    Oxygen cost of exercise hyperpnoea is greater in women compared with men

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    This is the accepted version of the following article: [Dominelli, P. B., Render, J. N., Molgat-Seon, Y., Foster, G. E., Romer, L. M. and Sheel, A. W. (2015), Oxygen cost of exercise hyperpnoea is greater in women compared with men. The Journal of Physiology. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285965], which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285965/abstract;jsessionid=3BAFE2D4AF921CDEC14CB1DB9F32011C.f03t03We compared the oxygen cost of breathing (V˙ O2RM) in healthy men and women over a wide range of exercise ventilations (V˙ E). Eighteen subjects (9 women) completed four days of testing. First, a step-wise maximal cycle exercise test was completed for the assessment of spontaneous breathing patterns. Next, subjects were familiarized with the voluntary hyperpnoea protocol used to estimate V˙ O2RM. During the final two visits, subjects mimicked multiple times (4-6) the breathing patterns associated with 5-6 different exercise stages. Each trial lasted 5 min and on-line pressure- and flow-volume loops were superimposed on target loops obtained during exercise to accurately replicate the work of breathing. At ~55 l min-1 V˙ E, V˙ O2RM was significantly greater in women. At maximum ventilation, the absolute V˙ O2RM was not different (P>0.05) between the sexes, but represented a significantly greater fraction of whole-body V˙ O2 in women (13.8±1.5 vs. 9.4±1.1% V˙ O2). During heavy exercise at 92 and 100% V˙ O2max, the unit cost of V˙ E was +0.7 and +1.1 mlO2 l-1 greater in women (P<0.05). At V˙ O2max, men and women who developed expiratory flow limitation had a significantly greater V˙ O2RM than those who did not (435±44 vs. 331±30 mlO2 min-1). In conclusion, women have a greater V˙ O2RM for a given V˙ E and this represents a greater fraction of whole-body V˙ O2. The greater V˙ O2RM in women may have implications for the integrated physiological response to exercise
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