Stare decisis i „zdrowy rozsądek” w cywilnej i karnej jurysprudencji amerykańskiej

Based on various law sources, the American common law is connected by a particular role of prior judicial rulings as a basis of judicial practice. The principle of stare decisis, which exists within its framework, leads to considering decisions of courts of higher instances as binding (settled in a binding manner of a given case type in the convention of res iudicata). However, it does not mean that precedents may not be amended or broken. In such a situation following factors may appear: defective rulings, triggering incoherent or unjust consequences, contraction with other precedents, and change of circumstances, which have led to a precedent decision to be taken.Amerykańskie common law, kształtujące się na gruncie różnorodnych źródeł,wiąże się ze szczególną rolą wcześniejszego orzecznictwa jako podstawą praktyki sądowej. Istniejąca w jej ramach zasada stare decisis prowadzi do uznania decyzji sądów wyższych instancji jako wiążących (wiążąco rozstrzygających dany typ sprawy w konwencji res iudicata). Nie oznacza to jednak, że precedensy nie mogą być zmienione i przełamane. Umożliwia to pojawienie się takich czynników, jak: wadliwość orzeczenia, wywołanie niespójnych lub niesłusznych (niesprawiedliwych) skutków, sprzeczność z innymi precedensami oraz zmiana okoliczności, które wywołały podjęcie decyzji precedensowej

Interdisciplinary social action

In this article, we will first consider the starting point for change. Social change is more likely to occur when we have a passionate interest in a particular area. Often the beginning of social change occurs when we have a passionate interest in a particular area. Often the beginning of social change occurs with the recognition that something is wrong and unfair. This recognition may take the form of a flash of outrage, but the feeling is clear: this needs to change. We may not even know why we feel this way, but our intuition can steer us in the right direction. By listening and watching closely, ever present signs and guides will provide us clues and direction. The key is to be open and receptive to them. This intuition can also help us develop and maintain relationships with other critical social change partners

Quantum critical behavior in the heavy Fermion single crystal Ce(Ni0.935_{0.935}Pd0.065_{0.065})2_2Ge2_2

We have performed magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, resistivity, and inelastic neutron scattering measurements on a single crystal of the heavy Fermion compound Ce(Ni$_{0.935}$Pd$_{0.065}$)$_2$Ge$_2$, which is believed to be close to a quantum critical point (QCP) at T = 0. At lowest temperature(1.8-3.5 K), the magnetic susceptibility behaves as $\chi(T)-\chi (0)$ $\propto$ $T^{-1/6}$ with $\chi (0) = 0.032 \times 10^{-6}$ m$^3$/mole (0.0025 emu/mole). For $T<$ 1 K, the specific heat can be fit to the formula $\Delta C/T = \gamma_0 - T^{1/2}$ with $\gamma_0$ of order 700 mJ/mole-K$^2$. The resistivity behaves as $\rho = \rho_0 + AT^{3/2}$ for temperatures below 2 K. This low temperature behavior for $\gamma (T)$ and $\rho (T)$ is in accord with the SCR theory of Moriya and Takimoto\cite{Moriya}. The inelastic neutron scattering spectra show a broad peak near 1.5 meV that appears to be independent of $Q$; we interpret this as Kondo scattering with $T_K =$ 17 K. In addition, the scattering is enhanced near $Q$=(1/2, 1/2, 0) with maximum scattering at $\Delta E$ = 0.45 meV; we interpret this as scattering from antiferromagnetic fluctuations near the antiferromagnetic QCP.Comment: to be published in J. Phys: Conference Serie

Mathematical Analysis and Simulations of the Neural Circuit for Locomotion in Lamprey

We analyze the dynamics of the neural circuit of the lamprey central pattern generator (CPG). This analysis provides insights into how neural interactions form oscillators and enable spontaneous oscillations in a network of damped oscillators, which were not apparent in previous simulations or abstract phase oscillator models. We also show how the different behaviour regimes (characterized by phase and amplitude relationships between oscillators) of forward/backward swimming, and turning, can be controlled using the neural connection strengths and external inputs.Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Amplifies the Immune Response to \u3ci\u3ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u3c/i\u3e Corneal Infection

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. METHODS. Gene array and selective real-time PCR examined MMP expression in the cornea of susceptible (C57BL/6, B6) versus resistant (BALB/c) mice before and after infection; zymography tested enzyme activity for MMP-2 and -9. Clinical score, Langerhans cell (LC), and Neutrophil (PMN) quantitation were done in recombinant (r) MMP-9, antibody neutralized, and MMP-9−/− mice. The chemotactic potential of MMP-9 was tested in a Boyden chamber assay; light and transmission microscopy and immunostaining for collagen IV and MMP-9 were used to examine the effects and the source of MMP-9 after infection. ELISA was used to assess IL-1β and MIP-2 levels. RESULTS. Gene array (confirmed by PCR) revealed sixfold more MMP-9, and zymography showed greater enzyme activity in the infected cornea of B6 over BALB/c mice. rMMP-9 injection of BALB/c mice enhanced, whereas MMP-9 antibody neutralization in B6 mice and its absence in MMP-9−/− mice decreased corneal disease. MMP-9−/− and antibody neutralized mice had fewer LCs in cornea; rMMP-9-treated mice had more. A myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay showed a similar pattern for PMN. MMP-9 was not chemotactic for LC or PMN. The basement membrane was more intact in MMP-9−/− over wild-type infected mice and correlated with staining for collagen IV; PMN was a source of MMP-9. IL-1β and MIP-2 were increased in rMMP-9 but decreased in MMP-9 antibody neutralized and MMP-9−/− over control groups. CONCLUSIONS. MMP-9 regulates immune function in cornea by proteolysis, potentiating P. aeruginosa keratitis by degrading collagen IV and upregulating chemotactic cytokines/chemokines IL-1β and MIP-2

Prozone Masks Elevated Sars-Cov-2 Antibody Level Measurements

We report a prozone effect in measurement of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels from an antibody surveillance program. Briefly, the prozone effect occurs in immunoassays when excessively high antibody concentration disrupts the immune complex formation, resulting in a spuriously low reported result. Following participant inquiries, we observed anomalously low measurement of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels using the Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay from participants in the Texas Coronavirus Antibody Research survey (Texas CARES), an ongoing prospective, longitudinal antibody surveillance program. In July, 2022, samples were collected from ten participants with anomalously low results for serial dilution studies, and a prozone effect was confirmed. From October, 2022 to March, 2023, serial dilution of samples detected 74 additional cases of prozone out of 1,720 participants\u27 samples. Prozone effect may affect clinical management of at-risk populations repeatedly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through multiple immunizations or serial infections, making awareness and mitigation of this issue paramount

Shadowing in the nuclear photoabsorption above the resonance region

A model based on the hadronic fluctuations of the real photon is developed to describe the total photonucleon and photonuclear cross sections in the energy region above the nucleon resonances. The hadronic spectral function of the photon is derived including the finite width of vector-meson resonances and the quark-antiquark continuum. The shadowing effect is evaluated considering the effective interaction of the hadronic component with the bound nucleons within a Glauber-Gribov multiple scattering theory. The low energy onset of the shadowing effect is interpreted as a possible signature of a modification of the hadronic spectral function in the nuclear medium. A decrease of the $\rho$-meson mass in nuclei is suggested for a better explanation of the experimental data.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure