130 research outputs found

    A subordinated CIR intensity model with application to Wrong-Way risk CVA

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    Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) pricing models need to be both flexible and tractable. The survival probability has to be known in closed form (for calibration purposes), the model should be able to fit any valid Credit Default Swap (CDS) curve, should lead to large volatilities (in line with CDS options) and finally should be able to feature significant Wrong-Way Risk (WWR) impact. The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model (CIR) combined with independent positive jumps and deterministic shift (JCIR++) is a very good candidate : the variance (and thus covariance with exposure, i.e. WWR) can be increased with the jumps, whereas the calibration constraint is achieved via the shift. In practice however, there is a strong limit on the model parameters that can be chosen, and thus on the resulting WWR impact. This is because only non-negative shifts are allowed for consistency reasons, whereas the upwards jumps of the JCIR++ need to be compensated by a downward shift. To limit this problem, we consider the two-side jump model recently introduced by Mendoza-Arriaga \& Linetsky, built by time-changing CIR intensities. In a multivariate setup like CVA, time-changing the intensity partly kills the potential correlation with the exposure process and destroys WWR impact. Moreover, it can introduce a forward looking effect that can lead to arbitrage opportunities. In this paper, we use the time-changed CIR process in a way that the above issues are avoided. We show that the resulting process allows to introduce a large WWR effect compared to the JCIR++ model. The computation cost of the resulting Monte Carlo framework is reduced by using an adaptive control variate procedure

    Etude de l'impact de l'environnement biophysique sur les premiers stades de vie de Sardinella aurita dans le systÚme d'upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien : modélisation saisonniÚre et interannuelle

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    The North West african upwelling system off Morocco, Mauritania and and Senegal is the most productive system in the world in term of plankton biomass. South of this system, the senegalese-mauritanian zone sustains important Sardinella aurita fisheries, the main small pelagic fish. In these systems the population dynamics of small pelagic fish such as sardinella is closely linked to the variability of the upwelling. Thus the success of the recruitment of juvenile fish depends heavily on local circulation where larvae can either be retained in areas of coastal nurseries suitable for survival or dispersed into the sea where they are subject to predation and lack of food. In a management context of this shared resource by several countries, understand the factors that control the stocks of small pelagic fish along the coast, is a critical issue for fisheries in these regions.Our results provide information on larval retention based on places and dates of spawning. The impact of vertical migration and lethal temperature threshold effect on larval survival was also evaluated. We show that Sardinella aurita spawning strategy is the combination of two factors : (1) a high retention associated with local circulation and (2) the availabilityof food. The model also reveals an important larval connectivity between different spawning sub-areas and south of the system. This highlights the importance of concerted management of the stock of sardinella on a regional scale.The second aim of the thesis is to study the variability of the spawning habitat of sardinella within the larval retention areas. A coupled physical biogeochemistry (ROMS-PISCES) is used to assess the spawning habitat of sardinella. The potential spawning habitat volume (PHV) is defined as a function of temperature, salinity and depth. We also used thePHV, plankton biomass, the success of retention and larvae survival to study the variability of the abundance of sardinella and years of strong recruitment estimated from acoustic surveys assessment stock carried out during the period 1996-2006.Our results suggest to us that periods of high volume of habitat and low larval mortality could explain the periods of major biomass during the period 1996-1999. This study also allowed us to propose hypotheses to explain the period of strong recruitment observed in 1998-1999.Le systĂšme d’upwelling Nord-Ouest africain au large du Maroc, de la Mauritanie et du SĂ©nĂ©gal est le systĂšme le plus productif au monde en terme de biomasse planctonique. La zone sĂ©nĂ©galo-mauritanienne, situĂ©e dans la partie Sud du systĂšme, soutient une importante pĂȘcherie de Sardinella aurita, l’espĂšce de petit poisson pĂ©lagique la plus abondante. Dans ces systĂšmes la dynamique des populations de petit poisson pĂ©lagique comme la sardinelle est trĂšs liĂ©e Ă  la variabilitĂ© de l’upwelling. Ainsi le succĂšs du recrutement des juvĂ©niles de poisson dĂ©pend fortement de la circulation locale oĂč les larves peuvent ĂȘtre, soit retenues dans les zones de nourriceries cĂŽtiĂšres favorables Ă  leur survie, soit dispersĂ©es vers la large oĂč elles sont soumises Ă  la prĂ©dation et au manque de nourriture. Dans un contexte de gestion de cette ressource partagĂ©e par plusieurs pays, comprendre les facteurs qui contrĂŽlent les stocks des petits pĂ©lagiques le long des cĂŽtes, est un enjeu crucial pour les pĂȘcheries de ces rĂ©gions.Le premier objectif de ce travail de thĂšse est d’utiliser pour la premiĂšre fois dans le systĂšme sĂ©nĂ©galo-mauritanien une approche de modĂ©lisation individu centrĂ© (IBM) visant Ă  Ă©tudier les premiers stades de vies (oeufs et larves) de la sardinelle, et Ă  comprendre l’influence des paramĂštres environnementaux sur la dynamique des populations. L’évolution des individus dans leur environnement est Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă  partir de simulations ocĂ©aniques rĂ©gionales dont les sorties sont utilisĂ©es comme forçages du modĂšle IBM.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus renseignent sur la rĂ©tention larvaire en fonction des lieux et dates de ponte. L’impact de la migration verticale et de l’effet de seuil de tempĂ©ratures lĂ©tales sur la survie des larves a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©. Nous montrons que la stratĂ©gie de ponte de Sardinella aurita rĂ©sulte de la combinaison de deux facteurs : (1) une rĂ©tention Ă©levĂ©e associĂ©e Ă  la circulation locale et (2) Ă  la disponibilitĂ© en nourriture. Le modĂšle rĂ©vĂšle Ă©galement une importante connectivitĂ© larvaire entre les diffĂ©rentes sous-zones de ponte et le Sud du systĂšme. Ceci souligne l’importance d’une gestion concertĂ©e du stock de la sardinelle Ă  l’échelle rĂ©gionale.Le second objectif de la thĂšse est d’étudier la variabilitĂ© interannuelle de l’habitat de ponte de la sardinelle Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de ces zones de rĂ©tention larvaire. Un modĂšle couplĂ© physique biogĂ©ochimie (ROMS-PISCES) est utilisĂ© pour Ă©valuer l’habitat de ponte de la sardinelle. Le volume potentiel de l’habitat de ponte (PHV) est dĂ©fini comme une fonction de la tempĂ©rature, de la salinitĂ© et de la profondeur. Nous avons Ă©galement utilisĂ© le PHV, la biomasse de plancton, le succĂšs de la rĂ©tention et de la survie des larves pour Ă©tudier la variabilitĂ© interannuelle de l’abondance de sardinelle et les annĂ©es de fort recrutement estimĂ©es Ă  partir des campagnes acoustiques d’évaluation de stock menĂ©es durant la pĂ©riode 1996-2006. Nos rĂ©sultats nous suggĂšrent que les pĂ©riodes de fort volume d’habitat et de faible mortalitĂ© larvaire pourraient expliquer les pĂ©riodes de biomasses importantes pendant la pĂ©riode 1996-1999. Cette Ă©tude nous a aussi permis de proposer des hypothĂšses permettant d’expliquer la pĂ©riode de fort recrutement observĂ©e en 1998-1999

    Characterization of natural and chemically modified kaolinite from Mako (Senegal) to remove lead from aqueous solutions

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    The chemical and sorption properties of clay minerals from the Mako area, Senegal, were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an X-ray energy dispersion spectrometer, thermal analysis and chemical analysis. The clay sample is essentially dominated by kaolinite and quartz as also shown by treatment with ethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The clay fraction of this natural clay was organically modified by grafting with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in order to improve significantly its retention ability of heavy metals. The silane groups of the APTES reagent were partly grafted on the surface of platy kaolinite particles and the remaining ethoxy groups could be hydrolysed by aqueous treatment. The natural clay, its clay fraction and the organo-functionalized clay (with APTES) were investigated as adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. Evidence for an organic grafting has been demonstrated by comparing the spectroscopic characteristics of the natural clay and those of its chemically modified derivatives. The effects of different parameters (i.e. initial Pb(II) concentration and contact time) on the adsorption efficiency were studied. For an initial concentration of 10 mg L–1 Pb(II), the adsorption was maximized after 30 min contact time both for the raw material and its clay fraction and after 90 min for the APTES grafted clay. Although the maximum of sorption for the APTES grafted clay is reached with slower kinetics, this maximum amount of Pb(II) uptake at room temperature (X max) is significantly higher since it is 0.99 mg g–1 for the raw clay, 1.46 mg g–1 for its clay fraction and 3.02 mg g–1 for the organically modified clay, i.e. three times greater than the raw clay

    Pyloric atresia: a challenge in an underdeveloped country

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    Pyloric atresia is a rare congenital malformation. We report a case in a 5-day newborn with pyloric atresia type C. Authors emphasize the diagnostic difficulties and therapeutic challenges in a resource-limited country.Keywords: Pyloric atresia, newborn, rare congenital malformatio

    Profil De L’asthmatique Admis Au Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire De Fann (CHNU) A Dakar (Senegal)

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    Au SĂ©nĂ©gal, la prĂ©valence de l’asthme n’est pas encore Ă©valuĂ©e. Les caractĂ©ristiques sociodĂ©mographiques, Ă©pidĂ©miologiques et la provenance des patients asthmatiques consultĂ©s au Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire (CHNU) de Fann demeurent peu connues. Cet article contribue Ă  la connaissance du profil des patients asthmatiques admis au CHNU. Il s’est agi d’une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective, prospective et transversale Ă  avisĂ©e analytique associant l’approche quantitative et qualitative qui s’est dĂ©roulĂ©e de janvier 1999 Ă  aoĂ»t 2017 Ă  la clinique de pneumologie du CHNU. La population d’étude Ă©tait constituĂ©e des asthmatiques reçus en consultation. Les paramĂštres analysĂ©s concernent les caractĂ©ristiques de la population Ă©tudiĂ©e (Ăąge, sexe, profession et statut matrimonial). Au total 296 patients asthmatiques, soit 36,5% d’hommes contre 63,5% de femmes, ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s avec un Ăąge mĂ©dian qui Ă©tait de 35 ans. 234 rĂ©pondants Ă  la variable catĂ©gorie socioprofessionnelle, Ă©taient composĂ©s de mĂ©nagĂšres (24,8%), d’élĂšves et d’étudiants (20,1%), de commerçants (17,5%), de bureaucrates (6,8%), de personnel de santĂ© (6%) et d’enseignants et de maĂźtres coraniques (3,8%). A cela s’ajoutait, des ouvriers (3,8%), des couturiers (3,4%), des coiffeurs (3%), des chauffeurs (2,6%), des agriculteurs et Ă©leveurs (2,6%), des mĂ©caniciens et garagistes (1,3%), des pĂȘcheurs et marins (1,3%), des restaurateurs et restauratrices (1,3%) et d’autres (1,7%). Selon le statut matrimonial, 54,3% Ă©taient des mariĂ©s, 42,7% de cĂ©libataires et 3% de divorcĂ©s. Parmi les 296 asthmatiques, 250 rĂ©sidaient en milieu urbain dakarois. Les antĂ©cĂ©dents se rĂ©sumaient sur les signes et les symptĂŽmes des patients avec de la toux (34%), de la dyspnĂ©e expiratoire nocturne (34%), des expectorations nummulaires (18%) et des crises d’asthme (14%). Le profil des patients asthmatiques prĂ©sente une population jeune avec une prĂ©dominance fĂ©minine. In Senegal, the prevalence of asthma has not yet been assessed. The socio-demographic, epidemiological and provenance characteristics of asthmatic patients consulted at the National Hospital University Center (CHNU) remain little known. This article contributes to the knowledge of the profile of asthmatic patients admitted to the CHNU. This was a retrospective, prospective and cross-sectional, analytical wise study combining the quantitative and qualitative approach which took place from January 1999 to august 2017 at the CHNU pulmonology clinic. The study of asthmatics received in consultation. The parameters analyzed relate to the characteristics of the population studied (age, sex, profession and marital status). A total of 296 asthmatic patients, or 36.5% male versus 63.5% female, were registered with a median age of 35 years. 234 respondents to the socio-professional category variable, were made up of housewives (24.8%), pupils and students (20.1%), traders (17.5%), bureaucrats (6.8%), health personnel (6%) and koranic teachers and teachers (3.8%). In addition, workers (3.8%), dressmakers (3.4%), hairdressers (3%), drivers (2.6%), farmers and ranchers (2.6%), mechanics and mechanics (1.3%), fishermen and sailors (1.3%), restaurateurs and restorers (1.3%), and others (1.7%). According to marital status, 54.3% were married, 42.7% were single and 3% were divorced. Among the 296 asthmatics, 250 resided in an urban Dakar environment. The history was summarized by the signs and symptoms of patients with cough (34%), nocturnal expiratory dyspnea (34%), sputum (18%) and asthma attacks (14%). The profile of asthmatic patients presents a young population with a female predominance

    Impacts des changements de climat et des aménagements sur les ressources en eau du fleuve Sénégal : caractérisation et évolution des régimes hydrologiques de sous-bassins versants naturels et aménagés

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    Depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, de nombreux pays accordent une haute prioritĂ© Ă  la conservation, Ă  l’utilisation et Ă  l’amĂ©nagement durable des ressources des bassins versants pour rĂ©pondre aux dĂ©ficits hydrologiques et aux demandes en eau d’une population croissante. Face Ă  ces diffĂ©rentes Ă©volutions, le bassin du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal a connu un ensemble d’amĂ©nagements majeurs sur plusieurs tronçons fluviaux (Manantali sur le Bafing, Diama dans la vallĂ©e). Le prĂ©sent travail s’inscrit dans cette perspective. Il a pour objectif d’évaluer le potentiel hydrologique du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal dans un contexte de changements des conditions climatiques et d’amĂ©nagements des bassins versants. Cette Ă©tude est basĂ©e sur une analyse de la variation spatio-temporelle des Ă©coulements fluviaux tout en procĂ©dant Ă  une comparaison des sous-bassins versants du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal qui tient compte des diffĂ©rents rĂ©gimes d’écoulement. Afin de juger l’impact de la persistance ou non de la sĂ©cheresse et des amĂ©nagements majeurs sur l’écoulement du bassin, les sĂ©ries hydromĂ©triques mensuelles et annuelles utilisĂ©es couvrent la pĂ©riode 1960-2014 et l'approche adoptĂ©e comporte : (1) la mise Ă  jour des donnĂ©es lacunaires; (2) le calcul des coefficients d’écoulement mensuels (CMD), saisonniers et annuels et leur subdivision en deux sĂ©ries avec des pas de temps diffĂ©rents (1960-2014 et 1970-2014); (3) la dĂ©tection de ruptures et/ou tendances au sein des deux sĂ©ries avec l'application de deux tests (Pettitt et Mann-Kendall). Cette application sur les deux sĂ©ries montre une double rupture (souvent significative au seuil de 1 %). La premiĂšre, comprise entre 1967 et 1976, est notĂ©e sur la sĂ©rie 1960-2014 et la seconde, entre 1990 et 1994, notĂ©e sur la sĂ©rie 1970-2014. En comparant un certain nombre de stations, on constate que les tendances ou ruptures dans les bassins Ă  Ă©coulement naturel (FalĂ©mĂ©, Bakoye, Bafing en amont de Manantali) sont dues aux changements des conditions climatiques, alors que celles dans les bassins Ă  Ă©coulement artificialisĂ© (Bakel et les lĂąchers d’eau du barrage), peuvent vraisemblablement ĂȘtre entrainĂ©es par les amĂ©nagements qui y ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s.For several decades, numerous countries have given high priority to the preservation, the use and the sustainable development of water resources in order to provide responses to the deficit of hydrological flow and in response to increasing population demands. Facing these various evolutions, Senegal River basin is going to experience a set of major arrangements on some of its sections (Manantali on Bafing river, Diama in the valley). The present work has to be analyzed through this perspective. Its main objective is the evaluation of the water resources of the Senegal River in a context of changes in climatic conditions and basins managements. This work is based on an analysis of the spatio-temporal variations of the flow while proceeding to a comparison of Senegal River basin, through its various regimes. To evaluate the impact of the drought and its effects on the flow of the river within various sub-basins, monthly and annual hydrometric series covering the period 1960-2014 have been used. This approach includes: (1) updating of incomplete data, (2) calculation of monthly (CMD), seasonal and annual coefficients of flows and their subdivision into two series with different period (1960 to 2014 and 1970 to 2014), (3) trends detection within both series by the application of two tests (Pettitt and Mann-Kendall). This application on both series indicates a double “breakdown” (often significant with a threshold of 1 %). The first one, between 1967 and 1976, is noted in the series 1960-2014 and the second, between 1990 and 1994, in the series 1970-2014. By comparison between stations, we have noticed that the trends or the breakdown in river basins with natural flow (FalĂ©mĂ©, Bakoye) are due to climate change, while those in basins with man-made flow (Bakel and water releases from the dam), to be entrained by the subsequent managements within the basins
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