18 research outputs found

    A Method to Measure Visual Field Sensitivity at the Edges of Glaucomatous Scotomata

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    METHODS. Subjects comprised 22 glaucomatous patients. Gradients of sensitivity were calculated for ''squares'' of test points in a patient's 24-2/30-2 VF results, so that the edges of scotomata could be identified where gradients were steep. Next, 10 new VF points were placed in these locations for each patient. Each patient's VF was then measured using this novel test grid (52 standard 24-2 test points and 10 additional points examined concurrently) on two separate occasions. The absolute difference between the measured sensitivity at each new additional test point and the average of the sensitivities of its surrounding four test points was calculated (D ave ). The intra-and intervisit reproducibility of the additional test points' thresholds was calculated. Finally, fluctuation of overall VF damage was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS. The average of the sensitivities (D ave ) increased as the gradient of the plane steepened, whereas the reproducibility of the additional test points' thresholds remained stable. ICC was significantly higher and CV was significantly lower for the novel test grid compared with the standard 24-2 test pattern. CONCLUSIONS. It may be advantageous to increase the density of VF test points where there are large local differences in VF sensitivity. These additional measurements may result in more reproducible and well-defined estimates of scotomata

    Anti-Tumor Effect against Human Cancer Xenografts by a Fully Human Monoclonal Antibody to a Variant 8-Epitope of CD44R1 Expressed on Cancer Stem Cells

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    BACKGROUND: CD44 is a major cellular receptor for hyaluronic acids. The stem structure of CD44 encoded by ten normal exons can be enlarged by ten variant exons (v1-v10) by alternative splicing. We have succeeded in preparing MV5 fully human IgM and its class-switched GV5 IgG monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognizing the extracellular domain of a CD44R1 isoform that contains the inserted region coded by variant (v8, v9 and v10) exons and is expressed on the surface of various human epithelial cancer cells. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We demonstrated the growth inhibition of human cancer xenografts by a GV5 IgG mAb reshaped from an MV5 IgM. The epitope recognized by MV5 and GV5 was identified to a v8-coding region by the analysis of mAb binding to various recombinant CD44 proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GV5 showed preferential reactivity against various malignant human cells versus normal human cells assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistological analysis. When ME180 human uterine cervix carcinoma cells were subcutaneously inoculated to athymic mice with GV5, significant inhibition of tumor formation was observed. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injections of GV5markedly inhibited the growth of visible established tumors from HSC-3 human larynx carcinoma cells that had been subcutaneously transplanted one week before the first treatment with GV5. From in vitro experiments, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and internalization of CD44R1 seemed to be possible mechanisms for in vivo anti-tumor activity by GV5. CONCLUSIONS: CD44R1 is an excellent molecular target for mAb therapy of cancer, possibly superior to molecules targeted by existing therapeutic mAb, such as Trastuzumab and Cetuximab recognizing human epidermal growth factor receptor family

    コンピュータ使用が理科協同学習の問題解決に及ぼす影響

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    本研究では, 小学4年生28名を対象に, 子どもたちが単純電気回路に適用する素朴概念 (減衰モデル) を克服するための3D CG教材「理想電圧源 (電池) モデル」を考案した。コンピュータを媒介として3D CG教材を提示することで, 理科授業の協同的問題解決がどのように行われるのか, その思考活動のプロセスに着目し, 実践的検討を行った。3D CG教材視聴後のグループの成員間における発話分析, 及び描画法を用いた仮説モデルの分析を行った結果, 素朴概念 (減衰モデル) が克服される教授効果として, 新たに, 「認知的負担の軽減」, 及び「思考の可視化」という2点が明らかにされた。これより, 3D CG教材を取り入れたコンピュータによる協同学習の機会を, 理科教育の中に導入することは有効である可能性が示唆された。This study investigated how the ideal voltage source-battery model, a 3D CG learning tool we developed helped 28 fourth-year elementary school children master a naive concept (the attenuation model) applicable to a simple electric circuit. Focusing on the process of thinking, we investigated practically how questions in scientific classes were solved cooperatively by providing the computer-aided 3D CG learning tool. Analysis of utterances by learning group members after viewing the 3D CG learning tool and drawings of the hypothesis model revealed two teaching effects on mastering the naive concept (the attenuation model) : reduction of cognitive load and visualization of thought. This indicates that introduction of computer-aided cooperative learning with the 3D CG learning tool into science education may be effective

    Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Human Rotavirus G8P[8] Outbreak Strain, Japan, 2014

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    During March–July 2014, rotavirus G8P[8] emerged as the predominant cause of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. Clinical characteristics were similar for infections caused by G8 and non-G8 strains. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses suggest the strains were generated by multiple reassortment events between DS-1–like P[8] strains and bovine strains from Asia

    Specificity and epitope of anti-CD44 fully human mAb.

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    <p>(A) MV1 (left), MV5 (middle) and GV5 (right) were compared for the reactivity with HEK293F cells expressing human CD44R1-GFP (upper) or human CD44s-GFP (lower) by FCM. (B) Reactivity of antibodies against various GST-fused recombinant CD44 proteins (R1a and R1b; Δex5-v8-v9-v10-Δex16, v8, v9, v10 and ex5) fused to GST was determined by ELISA. Difference in the length of Δex5 and Δex16 between R1a and R1b recombinant proteins is described in “<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029728#s3" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>”.</p
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