Application of the resolution of the characteristic-free resolution of Weyl module to Lascoux resolution in case (6,6,3)

In this paper we study the relation between the resolution of Weyl module nbspin characteristic-free mode and in the Lascoux mode (characteristic zero), more precisely we obtain the Lascoux resolution of nbspin characteristic zero as an application of the resolution of nbspin characteristic-free

Complex of Lascoux in Partition (6,6,3)

In this paper, the complex of Lascoux in the case of partition (6,6,3) has been studied by using diagrams, divided power of the place polarization nbsp,Capelli identities and the idea of mapping cone

Etanercept is Effective and Relatively Safe in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of etanercept in a sample of Iraqi patients with ankylosingspondylitis patients.Patients and methods: A single center open labeled prospective study conducted on 74 patients with ankylosingspondylitis diagnosed according to modified New York criteria of ankylosing spondylitis. Patients receivedetanercept 25mg twice weekly and were assessed at baseline, at month1, 3, and 6 thereafter. Disease activity wasevaluated by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and functional status by BathAnkylosing Spondylitis Function Index (BASFI) at each visit. Safety assessments included adverse events andlaboratory tests.Results: Mean age of patients was 35.2 ± 10 years, males represented 92% of the cases, and the mean diseaseduration was 9.29 ± 7.1 years. A significant decrease in BASFI and BASDAI was found after 1month,3 months,and 6 months compared to baseline( p<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed no significantassociation between age of patients, disease duration, HLA-B27, family history of psoriasis or inflammatorybowel disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs intake, and duration of smoking with the changes inBASDAI and BASF of the patients. Drug related adverse effects included three patients developed injection sitereaction, 10 patients upper respiratory tract infections, and no serious infections occurred Conclusion:Etanercept was effective and relatively safe in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis patients. Further investigationof longer term treatment with etanercept is warranted to further define its therapeutic utility.Keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis; Etanercept; Efficacy; Safety; BASDAI, BASF

Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework

This paper focuses on scoping studies, an approach to reviewing the literature which to date has received little attention in the research methods literature. We distinguish between different types of scoping studies and indicate where these stand in relation to full systematic reviews. We outline a framework for conducting a scoping study based on our recent experiences of reviewing the literature on services for carers for people with mental health problems. Where appropriate, our approach to scoping the field is contrasted with the procedures followed in systematic reviews. We emphasize how including a consultation exercise in this sort of study may enhance the results, making them more useful to policy makers, practitioners and service users. Finally, we consider the advantages and limitations of the approach and suggest that a wider debate is called for about the role of the scoping study in relation to other types of literature reviews

Atlanto-Axial Subluxation in Iraqi Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystemic disease which can lead to significant deformities and functional disability. Objectives: To assess   atlanto-axial subluxation (AAS) in Iraqi patients with RA; and to evaluate its correlations with patients characteristics if present. Patients and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 109 patients with RA diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology Criteria for the classification of RA.  Patients’ baseline characteristics included: age, sex, duration of RA illness, functional status, hand deformities, symptoms and signs suggestive of cervical myelopathy, and drugs related history, Disease Activity Score for 28 joints (DAS 28), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and Rheumatoid Factor (RF).  X-ray of cervical spines lateral view, involving both flexion and extension was done.  AAS was diagnosed when the separation between atlas and axis >3 mm during flexion part. Results There were 109 RA patients included in this study, the mean age of them was (45.85± 10.35) years. Ninety seven patients (89%) were females. AAS was present in 30 (27.52%) patients and it was significantly associated with longer disease duration (p=0.01), RF positivity (p=0.014), lower functional class (p=0.03), hand deformities (p<0.01), and advancing disease progression stage (p=0.01). No significant relationship between AAS with: patients’ age, gender, DAS 28, VAS of the patient, and smoking. Conclusions: AAS was common in patients with RA.  In patients with RA, AAS was significantly associated with: longer disease duration, RF positivity, lower functional class, hand deformities, and advancing disease progression. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, atlanto-axial subluxation, cervical spine, baseline characteristic

Proteolytic cleavage of pertussis toxin S1 subunit is not essential for its activity in mammalian cells

BACKGROUND: Pertussis toxin (PT) is an exotoxin virulence factor produced by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. PT consists of an active subunit (S1) that ADP-ribosylates the alpha subunit of several mammalian G proteins, and a B oligomer (S2–S5) that binds glycoconjugate receptors on cells. PT appears to enter cells by endocytosis, and retrograde transport through the Golgi apparatus may be important for its cytotoxicity. A previous study demonstrated that proteolytic processing of S1 occurs after PT enters mammalian cells. We sought to determine whether this proteolytic processing of S1 is necessary for PT cytotoxicity. RESULTS: Protease inhibitor studies suggested that S1 processing may involve a metalloprotease, and processing does not involve furin, a mammalian cell protease that cleaves several other bacterial toxins. However, inhibitor studies showed a general lack of correlation of S1 processing with PT cellular activity. A combination of replacement, insertion and deletion mutations in the C-terminal region of S1, as well as mass spectrometry data, suggested that the cleavage site is located around residue 203–204, but that cleavage is not strongly sequence-dependent. Processing of S1 was abolished by each of 3 overlapping 8 residue deletions just downstream of the putative cleavage site, but not by smaller deletions in the same region. Processing of the various mutant forms of PT did not correlate with cellular activity of the toxin, nor with the ability of the bacteria producing them to infect the mouse respiratory tract. In addition, S1 processing was not detected in transfected cells expressing S1, even though S1 was fully active in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: S1 processing is not essential for the cellular activity of PT. This distinguishes it from the processing of various other bacterial toxins, which has been shown to be important for their cytotoxicity. S1 processing may be mediated primarily by a metalloprotease, but the cleavage site on S1 is not sequence-dependent and processing appears to depend on the general topology of the protein in that region, indicating that multiple proteases may contribute to this cleavage

Energy Release from Impacting Prominence Material Following the 2011 June 7 Eruption

Solar filaments exhibit a range of eruptive-like dynamic activity, ranging from the full or partial eruption of the filament mass and surrounding magnetic structure as a coronal mass ejection to a fully confined or failed eruption. On 2011 June 7, a dramatic partial eruption of a filament was observed by multiple instruments on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory. One of the interesting aspects of this event is the response of the solar atmosphere as non-escaping material falls inward under the influence of gravity. The impact sites show clear evidence of brightening in the observed extreme ultraviolet wavelengths due to energy release. Two plausible physical mechanisms for explaining the brightening are considered: heating of the plasma due to the kinetic energy of impacting material compressing the plasma, or reconnection between the magnetic field of low-lying loops and the field carried by the impacting material. By analyzing the emission of the brightenings in several SDO/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly wavelengths, and comparing the kinetic energy of the impacting material (7.6 10(exp 26) - 5.8 10(exp 27) erg) to the radiative energy (approx. 1.9 10(exp 25) - 2.5 10(exp 26) erg), we find the dominant mechanism of energy release involved in the observed brightening is plasma compression

Pathogen transmission from vaccinated hosts can cause dose-dependent reduction in virulence

Many livestock and human vaccines are leaky because they block symptoms but do not prevent infection or onward transmission. This leakiness is concerning because it increases vaccination coverage required to prevent disease spread and can promote evolution of increased pathogen virulence. Despite leakiness, vaccination may reduce pathogen load, affecting disease transmission dynamics. However, the impacts on post-transmission disease development and infectiousness in contact individuals are unknown. Here, we use transmission experiments involving Marek disease virus (MDV) in chickens to show that vaccination with a leaky vaccine substantially reduces viral load in both vaccinated individuals and unvaccinated contact individuals they infect. Consequently, contact birds are less likely to develop disease symptoms or die, show less severe symptoms, and shed less infectious virus themselves, when infected by vaccinated birds. These results highlight that even partial vaccination with a leaky vaccine can have unforeseen positive consequences in controlling the spread and symptoms of disease

Efficacy of off-label topical treatments for the management of androgenetic alopecia: a review

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by non-scarring follicle miniaturization. Despite the success of approved therapies, commonly reported side effects and the need for continual use has led to the investigation of alternative therapies. The aim of this paper is to critically review the success of off-label, topical monotherapies for treatment of AGA in men. A literature search was conducted to obtain randomized, controlled and blinded studies that investigated off-label, topical, monotherapies in male patients. Hair density, hair diameter and hair growth were used to evaluate treatment success. Fourteen off-label topical therapies were investigated among the 16 studies that met inclusion criteria. Nine off-label therapies were reported to produce a significantly greater improvement in hair restoration parameters (e.g. mean change from hair count and hair diameter) as compared to placebo (p < 0.05 for all treatments). In two studies, procyanidin oligomers exhibited greater efficacy over vehicle with response to mean change in hair density (hairs/cm2) (ps < 0.0001 at Week 24). In conclusion, prostaglandin analogs and polyphenols, such as latanoprost and procyanidin oligomers, can improve hair restoration parameters in male AGA patients, possibly through targeting mechanisms proposed in the etiology of AGA. The current evidence suggests short-term (24 weeks) use may provide benefit for hair loss patients; however, long-term efficacy and safety data are required

Symptom complexes in patients with seropositive arthralgia and in patients newly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis: a qualitative exploration of symptom development

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore symptoms and symptom development during the earliest phases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with seropositive arthralgia and patients newly diagnosed with RA