A gender story of social disengagement of young adults in Latin America

In the recent years, Latin America has seen a large number of young adults who are neither engaged in formal education nor work, commonly dubbed as "nini" ("ni" trabajan "ni" estudian). This study tests the role household structure plays on becoming a nini in 12 Latin American countries. We explore the gender dynamic of human capital stagnation and intergenerational mobility by focusing on early family formation for women and men aged 20-25 using censuses from the Integrated Public-Use Microdata Series (IPUMS-I). Countryspecific linear regression models reveal that the intersection of class and gender is a major determinant of labor force and educational disengagement in the region. Women from lower social origin who leave parental home to enter union and parenthood at younger ages are particularly disadvantaged. Moreover, among those who are active in the labor market, young mothers are less likely to experience upward intergenerational mobility in occupation compared to those who delay childbearing. This work highlights the importance of addressing economic and educational disengagement of early adulthood to foster economic growth and development in the region

A comparative analysis of European transfers of time between generations and genders

This study provides estimates of non-monetary transfers between generations and genders, and complements existing work developed by the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) project. We use time use data from the Harmonised European Time Use Survey (HETUS), and the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS), to evaluate the extent of transfers of time between generations and genders across European countries. We estimate age and sex-specific profiles of time spent in unpaid productive activities (e.g., housework, childcare, care for the elderly). The unpaid working time is then allocated to those age groups that benefit from it (e.g., children for childcare, everybody in the household for housework) in order to estimate age-specific consumption profiles of time. We observe large transfers of time from females to males, and from adults to children and the elderly. Preliminary results indicate that there are similar patterns across countries, but also large variations. For instance, the extent of gender inequality in domestic work is much bigger in southern European countries. As we develop our models, we expect to be able to provide more precise statements on life course differences in household production and consumption, over time and across countries. The estimation of the time spent in activities such as childbearing, and caring for the elderly, allows us to evaluate the strength of intergenerational ties and the extent of incentives and disincentives for particular fertility choices in different social and institutional settings