Complete information pivotal-voter model with asymmetric group size and asymmetric benefits

We analyse a standard pivotal-voter model under majority rule, with two rival groups of players, each preferring one of two public policies and simultaneously deciding whether to cast a costly vote, as in Palfrey and Rosenthal (1983). We allow the benefit of the favorite public policy to differ across groups and impose an intuitive refinement, namely that voting probabilities are continuous in the cost of voting to pin down a unique equilibrium. The unique continuous equilibrium depends on a key threshold that compares the sizes of the two groups

Complete information pivotal-voter model with asymmetric group size

We study the equilibria of the standard pivotal-voter participation game between two groups of voters of asymmetric sizes (majority and minority), as originally proposed by Palfrey and Rosenthal (Public Choice 41(1):7–53, 1983). We find a unique equilibrium wherein the minority votes with certainty and the majority votes with probability in (0,1); we prove that this is the only equilibrium in which voters of only one group play a pure strategy, and we provide sufficient conditions for its existence. Equilibria where voters of both groups vote with probability in (0, 1) are analyzed numerically

Cooperative Bidirectional Mixed-Traffic Overtaking

Safe overtaking, especially in a bidirectional mixed-traffic setting, remains a key challenge for Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). The presence of human-driven vehicles (HDVs), behavior unpredictability, and blind spots resulting from sensor occlusion make this a challenging control problem. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a cooperative communication-based approach that utilizes the information shared between CAVs to reduce the effects of sensor occlusion while benefiting from the local velocity prediction based on past tracking data. Our control framework aims to perform overtaking maneuvers with the objective of maximizing velocity while prioritizing safety and passenger comfort. Our method is also capable of reactively adjusting its plan to dynamic changes in the environment. The performance of the proposed approach is verified using realistic traffic simulations.Comment: Published in: 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC

Line intensity enhancements in stellar coronal X-ray spectra due to opacity effects

Context. The I(15.01 A)/I(16.78 A) emission line intensity ratio in Fe XVII has been reported to deviate from its theoretical value in solar and stellar X-ray spectra. This is attributed to opacity in the 15.01 A line, leading to a reduction in its intensity, and was interpreted in terms of a geometry in which the emitters and absorbers are spatially distinct. Aims. We study the I(15.01 A)/I(16.78 A) intensity ratio for the active cool dwarf EV Lac, in both flare and quiescent spectra. Methods. The observations were obtained with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on the XMM-Newton satellite. The emission measure distribution versus temperature reconstruction technique is used for our analysis. Results. We find that the 15.01 A line exhibits a significant enhancement in intensity over the optically thin value. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such an enhancement has been detected on such a sound statistical basis. We interpret this enhancement in terms of a geometry in which the emitters and absorbers are not spatially distinct, and where the geometry is such that resonant pumping of the upper level has a greater effect on the observed line intensity than resonant absorption in the line-of-sight.Comment: accepted for publication in A&

Heteropolyacids supported on zirconia-doped γ, θ and α alumina: A physicochemical assessment and characterisation of supported solid acids

In this paper we carry out a surface study of promising supported solid acid catalysts commonly used for the production of high value chemicals derived from glycerol. In particular, γ, θ and α alumina (Al2O3) were modified by (i) grafting with 5 wt% zirconia, (ii) doping with 30 wt% silicotungstic acid (STA), and (iii) using both zirconia and STA. The aim is to rationalise the effect of these different parameters on structural properties and surface adsorption through a comprehensive multi-technique approach, including recently developed NMR relaxation techniques. XRD and laser Raman spectroscopy confirmed a strong interaction between STA and the γ-/θ-Al2O3 resulting in a distortion of the supported STA Keggin structure relative to that of bulk STA. Conversely, a much weaker interaction between the supported STA and α-Al2O3 was measured. NMR relaxation demonstrated that the STA doping increases the adsorption properties of the catalyst, particularly for γ-/θ-Al2O3. For catalysts based on α-Al2O3, such effect was negligible. Thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG) analysis suggested that zirconia-grafted and non-grafted θ-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 are suitable materials for increasing the thermal stability of STA whereas α-Al2O3 (both grafted and non-grafted) does not improve the thermal stability of STA

Molecular recognition of N-acetyltryptophan enantiomers by β-cyclodextrin

The enantioselectivity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) towards L- and D-N-acetyltryptophan (NAcTrp) has been studied in aqueous solution and the crystalline state. NMR studies in solution show that β-CD forms complexes of very similar but not identical geometry with both L- and D-NAcTrp and exhibits stronger binding with L-NAcTrp. In the crystalline state, only β-CD-L-NAcTrp crystallizes readily from aqueous solutions as a dimeric complex (two hosts enclosing two guest molecules). In contrast, crystals of the complex β-CD-D-NAcTrp were never obtained, although numerous conditions were tried. In aqueous solution, the orientation of the guest in both complexes is different than in the β-CD-L-NAcTrp complex in the crystal. Overall, the study shows that subtle differences observed between the β-CD-L,D-NAcTrp complexes in aqueous solution are magnified at the onset of crystallization, as a consequence of accumulation of many soft host-guest interactions and of the imposed crystallographic order, thus resulting in very dissimilar propensity of each enantiomer to produce crystals with β-CD

Incorporating dose effects in network meta-analysis

Systematic reviews with network meta-analysis that ignore potential dose effects could limit the applicability and validity of review findings. This article aims to help content experts (eg, clinicians), methodologists, and statisticians better understand how to incorporate dose effects in network meta-analysis. Three models are described that make different clinical and statistical assumptions about how to model dose effects. This article also illustrates the importance of dose effects in understanding the potential risk of harm in people with dementia from cerebrovascular events associated with atypical antipsychotic drug use (quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone) and the potential risk of harm in people with nausea and headache associated with cholinesterase inhibitor use (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine). Finally, important considerations when choosing between different network meta-analysis models incorporating dose effects are discussed

Blood Biomarkers and Metabolomic Profiling for the Early Diagnosis of Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies

Background: several blood-based biomarkers have been proposed for predicting vancomycin-associated kidney injury (VIKI). However, no systematic analysis has compared their prognostic value. Objective: this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to investigate the role of blood biomarkers and metabolomic profiling as diagnostic and prognostic predictors in pre-clinical studies of VIKI. Methods: a systematic search of PubMed was conducted for relevant articles from January 2000 to May 2022. Animal studies that administered vancomycin and studied VIKI were eligible for inclusion. Clinical studies, reviews, and non-English literature were excluded. The primary outcome was to investigate the relationship between the extent of VIKI as measured by blood biomarkers and metabolomic profiling. Risk of bias was assessed with the CAMARADES checklist the SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Standard meta-analysis methods (random-effects models) were used. Results: there were four studies for the same species, dosage, duration of vancomycin administration and measurement only for serum creatine and blood urea nitrogen in rats. A statistically significant increase was observed between serum creatinine in the vancomycin group compared to controls (pooled p = 0.037; Standardized Mean Difference: 2.93; 95% CI: 0.17 to 5.69; I-2 = 92.11%). Serum BUN levels were not significantly different between control and vancomycin groups (pooled p = 0.11; SMD: 3.05; 95% CI: 0.69 to 6.8; I-2 = 94.84%). We did not identify experimental studies using metabolomic analyses in animals with VIKI. Conclusions: a total of four studies in rodents only described outcomes of kidney injury as defined by blood biomarkers. Blood biomarkers represented included serum creatinine and BUN. Novel blood biomarkers have not been explored

A review of methods for addressing components of interventions in meta-analysis

Many healthcare interventions are complex, consisting of multiple, possibly interacting, components. Several methodological articles addressing complex interventions in the metaanalytical context have been published. We hereby provide an overview of methods used to evaluate the effects of complex interventions with meta-analytical models. We summarized the methodology, highlighted new developments, and described the benefits, drawbacks, and potential challenges of each identified method. We expect meta-analytical methods focusing on components of several multicomponent interventions to become increasingly popular due to recently developed, easy-to-use, software tools that can be used to conduct the relevant analyses. The different meta-analytical methods are illustrated through two examples comparing psychotherapies for panic disorder. Copyright