DECISÃO ÉTICA NA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA: PERSPECTIVAS PRÁTICAS A PARTIR DA ÉTICA NORMATIVA E DESCRITIVA

To address an ethical question seeks to pass a situation that confronts us for a course of action that will seek to resolve it, in a movement of description and prescription. Between these two stages, or type of reflection involved and very important for the development of ethical-administrative responsibility and for the management of public interest and common good. This theoretical paper aims to present practical perspectives for making ethical decisions in Public Administration, considering elements of the normative and descriptive dimensions of administrative ethics. The proposed decision-making process can be seen as a support for ethical decision-making, understanding moral dilemmas and the context in which ethical decisions arise in the Public Administration, as well as the lack of development of morally competent and rationally responsible public agents.Al abordar un tema ético, buscamos pasar de una situación que nos enfrenta a un curso de acción que buscará resolverlo, en un movimiento de descripción y prescripción. Entre estas dos etapas, el tipo de reflexión involucrada es muy importante para el desarrollo de la responsabilidad ético-administrativa y para la gestión del interés público, es decir, el bien común. Este artículo teórico tiene como objetivo presentar perspectivas prácticas para la toma de decisiones éticas en la Administración Pública, considerando elementos de las dimensiones normativa y descriptiva de la ética administrativa. El proceso de toma de decisiones propuesto puede verse como una herramienta para apoyar la toma de decisiones éticas, la comprensión de los dilemas morales y el contexto en el que surgen las decisiones éticas en la Administración Pública, así como en el desarrollo de agentes públicos moralmente competentes y racionalmente responsables.Ao abordar uma questão ética busca-se passar de uma situação que nos confronta para um curso de ação que buscará resolvê-la, em um movimento de descrição e prescrição. Entre essas duas etapas, o tipo de reflexão envolvido é muito importante para o desenvolvimento da responsabilidade ético-administrativa e para a gestão do interesse público, isto é, do bem comum. Este artigo teórico tem como objetivo apresentar perspectivas práticas para a tomada de decisão ética na Administração Pública, considerando elementos das dimensões normativas e descritivas da ética administrativa. O processo decisório proposto pode ser visto como uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão ética, a compreensão de dilemas morais e do contexto em que surgem as decisões éticas na Administração Pública, bem como no desenvolvimento de agentes públicos moralmente competentes e racionalmente responsáveis.DOI: 10.53706/gep.v.23.748

Challenges for nerve repair using chitosan-siloxane hybrid porous scaffolds

The treatment of peripheral nerve injuries remains one of the greatest challenges of neurosurgery, as functional recover is rarely satisfactory in these patients. Recently, biodegradable nerve guides have shown great potential for enhancing nerve regeneration. A major advantage of these nerve guides is that no foreign material remains after the device has fulfilled its task, which spares a second surgical intervention. Recently, we studied peripheral nerve regeneration using chitosan-γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (chitosan-GPTMS) porous hybrid membranes. In our studies, these porous membranes significantly improved nerve fiber regeneration and functional recovery in rat models of axonotmetic and neurotmetic sciatic nerve injuries. In particular, the number of regenerated myelinated nerve fibers and myelin thickness were significantly higher in rat treated with chitosan porous hybrid membranes, whether or not they were used in combination with mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord. In this review, we describe our findings on the use of chitosan-GPTMS hybrids for nerve regeneration

Latest trends in industrial vinegar production and the role of acetic acid bacteria: classification, metabolism, and applications—a comprehensive review

Vinegar is one of the most appreciated fermented foods in European and Asian countries. In industry, its elaboration depends on numerous factors, including the nature of starter culture and raw material, as well as the production system and operational conditions. Furthermore, vinegar is obtained by the action of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) on an alcoholic medium in which ethanol is transformed into acetic acid. Besides the highlighted oxidative metabolism of AAB, their versatility and metabolic adaptability make them a taxonomic group with several biotechnological uses. Due to new and rapid advances in this field, this review attempts to approach the current state of knowledge by firstly discussing fundamental aspects related to industrial vinegar production and then exploring aspects related to AAB: classification, metabolism, and applications. Emphasis has been placed on an exhaustive taxonomic review considering the progressive increase in the number of new AAB species and genera, especially those with recognized biotechnological potential

Is enamel the only reliable hard tissue for sex metric estimation of burned skeletal remains in biological anthropology?

Sex diagnosis is a crucial element in the analysis of skeletal remains from forensic and archaeological contexts. Thus, researchers have developed several methods using different anatomical regions to estimate sex. Despite such variety of methods, sexing of collective cremated human skeletal remains is still challenging due to heat-induced size changes and fragmentation, along with the typical commingling of collective contexts. This study aims to examine the potential of burned tooth crowns for odontometric sex estimation. To that end, heat-induced size changes were quantified in experimentally heated teeth. Then, odontometric sex estimation was performed in a set of theoretical samples of pre and post-heated tooth crowns. Results show heated tooth crowns undergo variable but consistent and statistically significant expansion, which is due to micro-fracturing. Such heat induced size changes are of sufficient magnitude to impact odontometric sex diagnosis and sex ratios of the theoretical samples. Yet, sexing using heated/burned tooth crowns may still be useful to estimate the minimum number of females in a given sample. Further, the effect of heat-induced size changes may be calculated and removed using mu CT scanning.Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [SFRH/BPD/84268/2012, SFRH/BD/139158/2018, UID/MULTI/00070/2013, PTDC/EPH-ARQ/0798/2014, PTDC/IVC-ANT/1201/2014, POCI-01-0145-FEDER016766, PEst-OE/SADG/UI0283/2013][UID/ECI/04028/2013]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bernard Lonergan and Alberto Guerreiro Ramos: Dialogues between the existential subject and the parenthetical man

Bernard Lonergan has addressed, among other topics, the issue of human and ethical action, considering the possibility of a path of authenticity and moral achievement that occurs in a specific type of subject, whom he has called the existential subject. Based on this concept, we considered the possibility of a dialogue with Alberto Guerreiro Ramos, who has created the concept of parenthetical man, defined as a being that is rational for excellence, in his substantive dimension. The conception of this model of man goes in an opposite direction of the management theories based on the instrumental rationality. Although Lonergan has not created, explicitly, a substantive theory, his concept of ethics and human highlights aspects that relates to the substantive rationale. Thus, this theoretical essay aims to identify the possible approach between the parenthetical man and the existential subject, based on human action and ethics. We identified that the authors have a similar comprehension of the world and of the human relations, especially regarding the critical consciousness of the parenthetical man and the responsible consciousness of the existential subject

Behavior problems and prevalence of asthma symptoms among Brazilian children.

OBJECTIVE: Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and has been designated a public health problem due to the increase in its prevalence in recent decades, the amount of health service expenditure it absorbs and an absence of consensus about its etiology. The relationships among psychosocial factors and the occurrence, symptomatology, and severity of asthma have recently been considered. There is still controversy about the association between asthma and a child's mental health, since the pathways through which this relationship is established are complex and not well researched. This study aims to investigate whether behavior problems are associated with the prevalence of asthma symptoms in a large urban center in Latin America. METHODS: It is a cross-section study of 869 children between 6 and 12 years old, residents of Salvador, Brazil. The International Study of Allergy and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) instrument was used to evaluate prevalence of asthma symptoms. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was employed to evaluate behavioral problems. RESULTS: 19.26% (n=212) of the children presented symptoms of asthma. 35% were classified as having clinical behavioral problems. Poisson's robust regression model demonstrated a statistically significant association between the presence of behavioral problems and asthma symptoms occurrence (PR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.10-1.85). CONCLUSION: These results suggest an association between behavioral problems and pediatric asthma, and support the inclusion of mental health care in the provision of services for asthma morbidity

Tuberculose em Salvador: custos para o sistema de saúde e para as famílias

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis is one the greatest causes of mortality worldwide, but its economic effects are not well known. This study had the objective of estimating the costs to the public and private healthcare systems and to families of tuberculosis treatment and prevention. METHODS: This study was made in the municipality of Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil, in 1999. Data for estimating the costs to the healthcare system were collected from the Department of Health, healthcare facilities and a philanthropic institution. The public and private costs were analyzed using cost accounting methodology. Cost data relating to families were collected by means of questionnaires, and included data on transportation, food and other expenses, and also income losses associated with this disease. RESULTS: The average cost of treating one new case of tuberculosis was approximately US$103. The cost of treating one multiresistant patient was 27 higher than this. The cost to the public services consisted of 65$186,00 (US$103); para o tratamento de um paciente multiresistente o custo foi 27 vezes mais alto. Os custos para o serviço público corresponderam a 65% em internações, 32% em tratamento e apenas 3% em prevenção. As famílias comprometeram cerca de 33% da sua renda com despesas relacionadas a tuberculose. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar do fato das famílias não terem que pagar por medicamentos e tratamento, dado que este serviço é oferecido pelo Estado, os custos familiares ligados a perda de rendimentos devido a doença foram muito elevados. A proporção utilizada em prevenção pelo serviço público é pequena. Um maior investimento em campanhas de prevenção poderia não somente diminuir o número de casos, mas também, levar a um diagnósticos precoce, diminuindo os custos associados à hospitalização. A falta de um sistema integrado de custos não permite a visualização dos custos nos diversos setores

Exploring long COVID condition in Latin America: Its impact on patients’ activities and associated healthcare use

"Background: Studies exploring long COVID condition (LCC) in low- and middle-income countries are scarce. Further characterization of LCC patients experiencing activity limitations and their associated healthcare use is needed. This study aimed to describe LCC patients’ characteristics, its impact on activities, and associated healthcare use in Latin America (LATAM). Participants: Individuals who (cared for someone or) had COVID-19 and could read, write, and comprehend Spanish and lived in a LATAM country were invited to complete a virtual survey. Sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 and LCC symptoms, activity limitations, and healthcare use. Results: Data from 2,466 people from 16 countries in LATAM were analyzed (females = 65.9%; mean age of 39.5 ± 53.3 years). 1,178 (48%) of the respondents had LCC symptoms (≥3 months). These were more likely to have COVID-19 earlier in the pandemic, were older, had no COVID vaccines, had more comorbidities, needed supplementary oxygen, and reported significantly more COVID-19 symptoms during the infectious period. 33% of the respondents visited a primary care provider, 13% went to the emergency department, 5% were hospitalized, 21% visited a specialist, and 32% consulted ≥1 therapist for LCC symptoms mainly extreme fatigue, sleep difficulties, headaches, muscle or joint pain, and shortness of breath with activity. The most consulted therapists were respiratory therapists (15%) and psychologists (14%), followed by physical therapists (13%), occupational therapists (3%), and speech pathologists (1%). One-third of LCC respondents decreased their regular activities (e.g., work, school) and 8% needed help with activities of daily living (ADLs). LCC respondents who reduced their activities reported more difficulty sleeping, chest pain with activity, depression, and problems with concentration, thinking, and memory, while those who needed help with ADLs were more likely to have difficulty walking, and shortness of breath at rest. Approximately 60% of respondents who experienced activity limitations sought a specialist and 50% consulted therapists. Conclusions and relevance: Results supported previous findings in terms of the LCC demographics, and provided insight into LCC impact on patients’ activities and healthcare services used in LATAM. This information is valuable to inform service planning and resource allocation in alignment with the needs of this population.

International Energy and Natural Resources Law

içinde uyarıcı işlevler kazanır. Savaş öncesinde kabileyi coşturup yüreklendiren öğe, kuşaktan kuşağa destanlarla, baladlarla bilgi taşıyan araç haline dönüşür. Savaş çığlıkları giderek askeri marşlara dönüşmüş, tapınma sırasındaki ezgisel mırıltılar, dinsel ilahileri doğurmuştur. İlk ezgiler ya tanrıları kutlama törenlerine ilişkindir, ya da tanrılara yakın, güçlü kahramanlara övgüdür. Müzik sanatı, tarihin akışı içinde giderek düşünce ve imge gücünü uyarmış, her çağda, her kültürde kendine özgü bir üslup, o toplumun gereksiniminden doğan bir anlatım yolu bulmuştur. “Apollon ve Müzik” adlı bu tezde Apollon Tanrısı’nın Kimliklerinden Müzik Kimliğini ön plana çıkartarak antik müzik ve çalgıları irdelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonunda da Klaros kazısında bulunmuş olan çok sayıdaki Lyralı Apollon Klarios pişmiş toprak figürinlerinin ışığında, Tanrı Apollon’un elindeki kaplumbağa kabuğundan lyra’nın tekrar yapımı amaçlanmıştır ve yapılıp icra edilmiştir. Antik müzik üzerine modern araştırmalar 19. yüzyılın sonlarında başlamıştır. Konu ile ilişkili yayınların tümü antik müziği ve müzik aletlerini incelerken Attika eserleri özellikle de seramikleri üzerindeki betimlerden yararlanmışlardır. Bu betimler, hem arkeologlar hem de müzikologlar açısından büyük bir şanstır. Bu resimler, müzik aletlerinin görünüşü, nasıl çalındığını ( belli bir dereceye kadar), hangi sosyal topluluk içinde ne amaçla çalındığını göstermektedir. Lyra çalgısının tekrar yapımında kaynak olarak, lyranın, heykel, kabartma, pişmiş toprak ve seramikler üzerindeki arkeolojik betimlerden yaralanıldı. Bazı betimlerin yeterince ayrıntılı olmamaları, bazılarında ise ayrıntıların ne kadar gerçekçi olduklarının tam olarak kestirilememesi nedeniyle sorunlar yaşadık. Betimlerin çoğunlukla sadece bir çalgıyı gerçekte olduğu şekilde resmetmek kaygısı ile yapılmadıkları açıktır. Tüm bu olumsuzluklara karşın arkeolojik veriler sayesinde antik dönem kültürlerin çalgılarına dair çıkarımda bulunmak mümkündür. Bu çalışmayı Telli Çalgıların Tarihçesi, Hellen Toplumunda Müziğin ve Lyra’nın Yeri, Çalgıların Sınıflandırılması, Lyra’nın Teknik incelenmesi son olarak ta Lyra ve Apollon İlişkisinin Klaros’taki İkonografik Yansımaları adlı bölümler oluşturmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, çalgı çalınır durumda döneminin müziğini çalar halde bize bir nebzede olsa geniş ufuklar açmasına sebep olmuştur. Yeni kazılarla ortaya çıkacak bulguların yanı sıra, antik dönemde birlikte icra edildiği çalgıların yapılarına ve müzikal niteliklerine ilişkin bilgilerinde artmasıyla, lyra bu çalgı toplulukları içinde veya solo icrasında nasıl bir müzikal işlev üstlenmiş olabileceğinin daha iyi anlaşılması beklenebilir