Analys av föda för vitryggig hackspett och rödlistade vedlevande skalbaggar : utvärdering av tre olika behandlingar

Den vitryggiga hackspetten har sedan 1950-talet blivit en sällsynt art i det svenska landskapet. Nedgången beror främst på det moderna skogsbruket där barrskog till stor del har ersatt blandbestånd och gammal lövskog. Hackspetten är beroende av gammal lövskog som innehåller solexponerade döda och döende träd, vilket också är en livsmiljö som gynnar många andra arter. Den vitryggiga hackspetten fungerar som en paraplyart vilket innebär att många samexisterande arter skulle gynnas av återställandet av dess livsmiljö. Idag pågår ett nationellt restaureringsprojekt för hackspetten som syftar till att bevara den biologiska mångfalden i Sverige. Denna studie har undersökt den vitryggiga hackspettens föda och rödlistade vedlevande skalbaggar i skogar under tre olika typer av behandling: kommersiellt skötta blandskogar (C), restaurerade områden (R) och målhabitat för vitryggig hackspett (W). Resultat visar att för hackspettens föda finns det signifikant fler individer och högre artrikedom i W jämfört med R och C. För rödlistade arter är det signifikant fler individer i W än i R. De statistiska analyserna har inte funnit någon signifikant skillnad mellan R och C. Orsaker till att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad mellan R och C studeras genom analys av andelen död ved och beståndstyp i behandlingarna. Resultat från analyserna visar att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad mellan R och C avseende beståndstyp. Från en 10 år tidigare studie, utförd på samma områden för R, har en högre abundans och artrikedom för rödlistade arter påvisats jämfört med vår studies resultat. Orsak till detta kan vara att restaureringens effekt har reducerats, då restaureringen utfördes för cirka 20 år sedan. För att bibehålla effekten av restaurering för vitryggig hackspett kan underhåll krävas för att upprätthålla tillförseln av död ved och främja lövträd. För att den vitryggiga hackspetten och andra arter med liknande preferenser inte ska dö ut behöver återskapande av habitat utföras på landskapsnivå.The white-backed woodpecker has since the 1950s become a rare species in the Swedish landscape. This decline is mainly due to modern forestry where coniferous forests have largely replaced mixed stands and old deciduous forests. The woodpecker is dependent on old deciduous forests containing sun-exposed dead and dying trees, which also is a habitat that benefits other species. The white-backed woodpecker acts as an umbrella species which means many coexisting species would benefit from restoration of its habitat. Today there is an ongoing national restoration project for the woodpecker that aims to preserve biological diversity in Sweden. This study takes a closer look at the white-backed woodpecker’s food and red-listed saproxylic beetles in forests undergoing three different types of treatment: commercially managed mixed forests (C), restored areas (R) and target habitats for white-backed woodpeckers (W). Results show that for the woodpecker's food, there are significantly more individuals and higher species richness in W compared to R and C. For red-listed species, there are significantly more individuals in W than in R. The statistical analysis has not found a significant difference between R and C. The reason why there is no significant difference between R and W is discussed by analyzing the proportion of dead wood and stand type in the treatments. Results from these analyzes show that there is no significant difference between R and C, regarding stand type. From a 10-year old study, performed in the same areas for R, a higher abundance and species richness of red-listed species was found compared to our study's results. The reason for this may be that the effect of the restoration has been reduced, as the restoration was carried out approximately 20 years ago. To maintain the effect of restoration for the white-backed woodpecker, further support may be required to maintain the supply of dead wood and to promote deciduous trees. In order for the white-backed woodpecker and other species with similar preferences not to become extinct, habitat restoration needs to be carried out at the landscape level

Regulation and splicing of scavenger receptor class B type I in human macrophages and atherosclerotic plaques

BACKGROUND: The protective role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the cardiovascular system is related to its role in the reverse transport of cholesterol from the arterial wall to the liver for subsequent excretion via the bile. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) binds HDL and mediates selective uptake of cholesterol ester and cellular efflux of cholesterol to HDL. The role of SR-BI in atherosclerosis has been well established in murine models but it remains unclear whether SR-BI plays an equally important role in atherosclerosis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of SR-BI and its isoforms in human macrophages and atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS: The effect of hypoxia and minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL), two proatherogenic stimuli, on SR-BI expression was studied in human monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy subjects using real-time PCR. In addition, SR-BI expression was determined in macrophages obtained from subjects with atherosclerosis (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 15). Expression of SR-BI isoforms was characterized in human atherosclerotic plaques and macrophages using RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: SR-BI expression was decreased in macrophages after hypoxia (p < 0.005). In contrast, SR-BI expression was increased by exposure to mmLDL (p < 0.05). There was no difference in SR-BI expression in macrophages from patients with atherosclerosis compared to controls. In both groups, SR-BI expression was increased by exposure to mmLDL (p < 0.05). Transcripts corresponding to SR-BI and SR-BII were detected in macrophages. In addition, a third isoform, referred to as SR-BIII, was discovered. All three isoforms were also expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque. Compared to the other isoforms, the novel SR-BIII isoform was predicted to have a unique intracellular C-terminal domain containing 53 amino acids. CONCLUSION: We conclude that SR-BI is regulated by proatherogenic stimuli in humans. However, we found no differences between subjects with atherosclerosis and healthy controls. This indicates that altered SR-BI expression is not a common cause of atherosclerosis. In addition, we identified SR-BIII as a novel isoform expressed in human macrophages and in human atherosclerotic plaques

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Förskolläraren och den fysiska innemiljön.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur en grupp förskollärare resonerar kring ochorganiserar den fysiska innemiljön för att uppnå mål utifrån Läroplanen för förskolan, Lpfö 98,(Skolverket, 2011) och dess riktlinjer. Hur resonerar förskollärarna om genomförandet av detpedagogiska uppdrag de har i den aktuella innemiljön? Hur organiserar förskollärarna sin innemiljö?För att undersöka detta gjordes kvalitativa intervjuer med fem förskollärare på fem olika förskolorinom en kommun i Mellansverige samt guidade rundvandringar på förskoleavdelningarna. Resultatetav studien visar att förskollärarna uppfattar innemiljön som en betydelsefull del i att uppnå målutifrån läroplanens riktlinje och att en viktig aspekt i utformningen av innemiljön är tydlighet. Vidarenämndes också rum i rummen, lugna platser, tillgängligt material och antal barn per rum sombetydelsefulla utformningar av innemiljön. Förskollärarnas egna förhållningssätt och barnensdelaktighet i utformningen av innemiljön var andra aspekter som framkom ur analysarbetet.Godkännande datum: 2017-03-28</p