Étude des caractéristiques de l'engagement et de la persévérance chez des enseignants-chercheurs impliqués dans un projet pédagogique innovant

Aujourd’hui, l’innovation pédagogique est fortement encouragée par les établissements d’enseignement supérieur et les tutelles ministérielles. L’engagement et la persévérance des enseignants sont des éléments d’une importance majeure pour le développement et la pérennisation des programmes pédagogiques. Or, peu de données ont été rapportées au sujet de l’engagement et de la persévérance des enseignants-chercheurs en contexte pédagogique innovant. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d’identifier et de comprendre les caractéristiques de l’engagement et de la persévérance des enseignants-chercheurs, dans le cadre du projet MAN-IMAL, lauréat des « Initiatives d’excellence en formations innovantes », et porté par quatre établissements français d’enseignement supérieur. La méthodologie retenue était mixte, et comportait un questionnaire standardisé et deux groupes de discussion. Les enseignants-chercheurs ayant participé à l’étude étaient très impliqués dans le projet MAN-IMAL, dans sa conception et dans son fonctionnement pour la plupart d’entre eux. L’étude a montré un certain nombre de caractéristiques dans l’engagement et la persévérance des enseignants-chercheurs. Cet engagement et cette persévérance ont été mis en évidence dans un contexte de socialisation portée par la constitution d’une communauté de pratiques qui comprenait des enseignants-chercheurs, des conseillers pédagogiques et par certains aspects les étudiants. L’innovation pédagogique a participé à la construction de cette communauté de pratiques. L’étude a également montré que cet engagement et cette persévérance était dépendante du soutien des cadres intermédiaires de l’enseignement supérieur et des leaders stratégiques (porteurs) du projet. L’engagement et la persévérance ont également été influencés par la perception de stress par les enseignants-chercheurs dans le cadre du projet innovant. Cette étude a donc permis de décrire et de comprendre l’engagement et la persévérance des enseignants-chercheurs dans un contexte d’innovation pédagogique. Il serait intéressant maintenant d’obtenir des données quantitatives sur un effectif d’enseignants-chercheurs plus important qui pourraient permettre d’identifier des facteurs favorisant l’engagement et la persévérance et peut-être de les discriminer en fonction de leur importance.Abstract: Currently, teaching innovation is strongly encouraged by institutions of higher education and by the Ministry of education. Commitment and persistence of teachers are factors of major importance for the development and the sustainability of education programs. However, few data concerning the commitment and the persistence of teacher-researchers in a context of teaching innovation have been reported. The objectives of this study were to identify and thoroughly understand the characteristics of commitment and persistence of teacherresearchers in the MAN-IMAL project, laureate of the “Initiatives d’excellence en formations innovantes” and supported by four French institutions of higher education. We used a mixed methodology, including a standardized questionnaire and two focus groups. Teacherresearchers participating to the study were strongly involved in the MAN-IMAL program, most of them being involved both in its design and its operation. The study identified different cheracteristics of commitment and persistence of teachers-researchers. This commitment and this persistence were described in a context of socialization carried by the constitution of a community of practice, which included teachers-researchers, educational counsellors, and students for certain aspects. Teaching innovation participated to the constitution of this community of practice. The study also demonstrated that this commitment and this persistence depended on the support from deans, department directors and project carriers. Commitment and persistence were also influenced by the stress perceived by teacherresearchers in the innovative project. Therefore, this study allowed to describe and to understand the commitment and the persistence of teachers-researchers in a context of teaching innovation. It would be interesting to collect quantitative data with a wider population of teachers-researchers, which could allow to identify factors favouring commitment and persistence and maybe to discriminate these factors according to their importance

Co-construction d'un enseignement de quatrième année des études pharmaceutiques sur les infections bactériennes

International audienceDes enseignements dirigés de quatrième année de pharmacie portant sur les infections bactériennes ont été profondément remaniés, avec le passage d’un enseignement essentiellement transmissif à une co-construction de l’enseignement par les étudiants et l’enseignant. Différents outils d’évaluation ont permis de montrer une plus grande motivation intrinsèque des étudiants, une évolution de leur posture intellectuelle, et un meilleur engagement dans les apprentissages lié aux travaux de groupe. En revanche, l’évaluation des apprentissages de fin de semestre n’a pas montré d’évolution majeure par rapport à l’année précédente, ce qui souligne l’intérêt qu’il y aurait à aligner la méthode d’évaluation sur les changements apportés dans l’enseignement

Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méticilline (SARM) (généralités, antibiotiques actifs, résistances acquises, et implication en pathologie communautaire illustrée par l'exemple des infections acquises au cours de la pratique sportive)

Même si les traumatismes représentent le principal risque de pathologies dans le sport, le risque infectieux ne doit pour autant pas être négligé, avec des possibilités de transmissions virales, bactériennes et fongiques. Dans le milieu sportif, les infections à Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méticilline (SARM) communautaires sont principalement responsables d infections cutanéo-muqueuses (surinfections de plaies, abcès, furoncles ) et touchent des personnes jeunes en bonne santé. Tous les sports peuvent être concernés par ce type d infections car la transmission peut être lié à des contacts directs de peau à peau (rugby, lutte), mais également par l intermédiaire du matériel ou le partage d effets personnels (gel douche ou serviette par exemple). Même si aucun cas d infection à SARM n a jamais été décrit dans le hockey sur glace, nous avons cherché à évaluer le risque de transmission bactérienne dans ce sport en évaluant la contamination bactérienne sur une partie des équipements. Nous avons montré en prélevant les équipements de 30 joueurs adultes que les bactéries de la flore commensale cutanée restaient présentes sur ces équipements en quantité importante après plusieurs jours d absence d utilisation. L équipement de 4 joueurs était contaminé par Staphylococcus aureus sensible à la méticilline. Afin de limiter les risques de transmission de micro-organismes potentiellement pathogènes, des mesures de prévention simples devraient être rappelées régulièrement comme le nettoyage et l entretien des locaux et l hygiène corporelle (douche après l activité sportive).Though trauma constitutes the main risk associated with sports, we should also consider the possibility of infections resulting from sports. Indeed, viral, bacterial and fungal transmissions may occur between players. In sports, community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are primarily responsible for skin and soft-tissue infections (wounds, abscesses, boils ) and usually affect young people in good health. All sports may be affected by this kind of infection as the transmission of micro-organisms can occur through skin-to-skin contact (rugby or wrestling) or through equipment or personal items like towels or shower gels. Though no case of MRSA infection has been recorded in association with ice hockey, we set about to estimate the risk of bacterial transmission in the sport by evaluating the bacterial contamination of some of the players' equipment. By sampling the equipment of 30 players, we demonstrated that the bacteria of the cutaneous commensal flora were still present in high levels after several days of non-use. We isolated Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from the equipment of 4 players. To reduce the transmission risk of potentially virulent micro-organisms, we should stress basic control measures: sports facilities should be cleaned and maintained regularly, and players should preserve corporal hygiene (such as though showering regularly).ANGERS-BU Médecine-Pharmacie (490072105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a long-term care facility: hypothesis about selection and transmission

Background: many studies have identified long-term care facilities (LTCFs) as reservoirs of patients carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, few data about the mechanisms of MRSA diffusion in these settings are available.Objectives: the purpose of our study was to suggest hypothesis on the possible ways of MRSA transmission to residents in or outside a LTCF. Methods: data concerning patients on the day of the survey and within the preceding year were collected. Multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with MRSA carriage. MRSA strains were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the relatedness between DNA patterns was studied with Gel Compar software. Results: the prevalence of MRSA carriage was 37.6%. Treatment with fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins [odds ratio (OR) = 12.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.90–24.7], treatment with other antimicrobial agents (OR = 4.40; 95% CI = 2.43–7.97), at least one medical imaging session (OR = 5.08; 95% CI = 2.66–9.69) within the 12 preceding months, and the presence of a subcutaneous catheter on the day of the survey (OR = 3.09; 95% CI = 1.87–5.10) were independently associated with MRSA carriage. Twenty-eight of the 38 strains tested were clustered in two major groups. In each of these groups, strains had at least a 90% relatedness. These strains were isolated in patients hospitalised in different areas of the LTCF. Conclusion: we identified that both molecular and epidemiological arguments support the hypothesis of the possibility of MRSA cross-transmission inside the LTCF. Further studies are needed to confirm and explain the association identified between MRSA carriage and medical imaging

Differences in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains and Host Innate Immune Response Determine Morbidity and Mortality in Experimental Pneumonia

Despite many reports documenting its epidemicity, little is known on the interaction of Acinetobacter baumannii with its host. To deepen our insight into this relationship, we studied persistence of and host response to different A. baumannii strains including representatives of the European (EU) clones I–III in a mouse pneumonia model. Neutropenic mice were inoculated intratracheally with five A. baumannii strains and an A. junii strain and at several days morbidity, mortality, bacterial counts, airway inflammation, and chemo- and cytokine production in lungs and blood were determined. A. baumannii RUH875 and RUH134 (EU clone I and II, respectively) and sporadic strain LUH8326 resulted in high morbidity/mortality, whereas A. baumannii LUH5875 (EU clone III, which is less widespread than clone I and II) caused less symptoms. A. baumannii type strain RUH3023T and A. junii LUH5851 did not cause disease. All strains, except A. baumannii RUH3023T and A. junii LUH5851, survived and multiplied in the lungs for several days. Morbidity and mortality were associated with the severity of lung pathology and a specific immune response characterized by low levels of anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and specific pro-inflammatory (IL-12p40 and IL-23) cytokines at the first day of infection. Altogether, a striking difference in behaviour among the A. baumannii strains was observed with the clone I and II strains being most virulent, whereas the A. baumannii type strain, which is frequently used in virulence studies appeared harmless

Experimenting cross-disciplinary cooperation by an experimental One Health degree program around the triad Animal-Man-Food

Magras Catherine, Diguet Anne-Laure, Lepelletier Didier, Eveillard Mathieu, Couvreur Sébastien, Ruvoen-Clouet Nathalie, Krempf Michel. L’Idefi Man-Imal : une formation One-Health de la pluri- à l’interdisciplinarité. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 171 n°2, 2018. pp. 100-102

Current molecular methods in epidemiological typing of Acinetobacter baumannii

International audienc

Seasonal and Regional Dynamics of M. ulcerans Transmission in Environmental Context: Deciphering the Role of Water Bugs as Hosts and Vectors

Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is a devastating skin disease. Most cases of Buruli ulcer occur in poor rural communities. As a result, treatment is frequently sought too late and about 25% of those infected—particularly children—become permanently disabled. Outbreaks of Buruli ulcer have always been associated with swampy areas. However, the route(s) of bacillus transmission is (are) still unclear. This Mycobacterium species resides in water where it colonizes many ecological niches such as aquatic plants, herbivorous animals and predatory/carnivorous insects. For several years the role of water bugs as hosts and vectors of M. ulcerans was suspected and was demonstrated under laboratory conditions. The aim of this work was to further assess the role of water bugs as hosts and vectors of M. ulcerans in environmental context. This work identifies several water bug families as hosts of M. ulcerans in Buruli ulcer endemic area. The detection of bacilli in saliva of human biting insects provides further evidence for their role in M. ulcerans transmission. Interestingly, three of these insects are good flyers, and as such could participate in M. ulcerans dissemination