A preliminary catalogue of the moths (Lepidoptera except Papilionoidea) of Tobago, West Indies

This catalogue comprises records of 355 species of moths (non-papilionoid Lepidoptera) from Tobago, of which 15 are partially identified. Of this total, all except 17 (5%) are known from Trinidad, although not all these records from Trinidad are published yet. Of these 17, eleven are expected to occur in Trinidad as they also occur on the mainland of South America and two are only known from Tobago but will probably also occur in Trinidad. This leaves just four species (1% of the total) that are known from the Lesser Antilles and are currently not known from further south than Tobago. The families represented by the most species are Erebidae, Crambidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae and Sphingidae, which between them account for 73% of records. Taxonomic changes are made as follows. Podalia farmbri (Kaye, 1925) sp. rev. (Megalopygidae) is removed from the synonymy of P. nigrescens Schaus, 1905. Podalia walkeri Hopp, 1935 and P. dimidiata (Walker, 1865) are syn. nov. of P. farmbri Kaye, 1925. Renia bipunctata (Kaye, 1901) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Zanclognatha bipunctata. Aristaria trinitalis Schaus, 1906 (Erebidae) is a syn. nov. of Renia bipunctata Kaye, 1901. Aglaonice deldonalis Walker, 1859 sp. rev. (Erebidae) is removed from the synonymy of A. hirtipalpis Walker, [1859]. Plusiodonta cupristria Kaye, 1923 (Erebidae) is a syn. nov. of Oraesia excitans Walker [1858]. Oroscopa abluta (Schaus, 1912) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Freilla abluta Schaus, 1912, which is a new combination in common use, but not previously published. Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Noctua auct. dorsalis Fabricius, a new combination already in use, but not formally published. I endorse the unpublished conclusion of I.W.B. Nye that Ptichodis basilans (Guenée, 1852) is a syn. nov. of Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Ptichodis agrapta Hampson, 1913 is also a syn. nov. of Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Este catálogo incluye registros de 355 especies de polillas de Tobago, de las cuales 15 han sido parcialmente identificadas. Del total de especies, sólo 17 (5%) no se han identificado en Trinidad, aunque no todos estos registros han sido publicados todavía. De estas 17 especies, once se espera que estén presentes en Trinidad ya que también ocurren en tierra firme en Sudamérica y tan sólo dos se ha identificado en Tobago pero es probable que también esté presente en Trinidad. De tal modo, tan sólo cuatro especies (1% del total) que ocurren en las Antillas Menores no se han identificado más al sur de Tobago. Las familias más representadas son Erebidae, Crambidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae and Sphingidae, correspondiendo al 73% de los registros. Se realizan los siguientes cambios taxonómicos. Podalia farmbri (Kaye, 1925) sp. rev. (Megalopygidae) se elimna como sinónimo de P. nigrescens Schaus, 1905. Podalia walkeri Hopp, 1935 y P. dimidiata (Walker, 1865) son syn. nov. de P. farmbri Kaye, 1925. Renia bipunctata (Kaye, 1901) (Erebidae) es una comb. nov. para Zanclognatha bipunctata. Aristaria trinitalis Schaus, 1906 (Erebidae) es un syn. nov. de Renia bipunctata Kaye, 1901. Aglaonice deldonalis Walker, 1859 sp. rev. (Erebidae) se elimina como sinónimo de A. hirtipalpis Walker, [1859]. Plusiodonta cupristria Kaye, 1923 (Erebidae) es un syn. nov. de Oraesia excitans Walker [1858]. Oroscopa abluta (Schaus, 1912) (Erebidae) es un comb. nov. para Freilla abluta Schaus, 1912, la cual es una combinación nueva de uso común, pero que no ha sido publicada anteriormente. Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797) (Erebidae) es una comb. nov. para Noctua auct. dorsalis Fabricius, una nueva combinación ya en uso pero que no se ha publicado formalmente. Apoyo la conclusion no publicada de I.W.B. Nye afirmando que Ptichodis basilans (Guenée, 1852) es un syn. nov. de Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Ptichodis agrapta Hampson, 1913 es también un syn. nov. de Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797)

A preliminary catalogue of the moths (Lepidoptera except Papilionoidea) of Tobago, West Indies

This catalogue comprises records of 355 species of moths (non-papilionoid Lepidoptera) from Tobago, of which 15 are partially identified. Of this total, all except 17 (5%) are known from Trinidad, although not all these records from Trinidad are published yet. Of these 17, eleven are expected to occur in Trinidad as they also occur on the mainland of South America and two are only known from Tobago but will probably also occur in Trinidad. This leaves just four species (1% of the total) that are known from the Lesser Antilles and are currently not known from further south than Tobago. The families represented by the most species are Erebidae, Crambidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae and Sphingidae, which between them account for 73% of records. Taxonomic changes are made as follows. Podalia farmbri (Kaye, 1925) sp. rev. (Megalopygidae) is removed from the synonymy of P. nigrescens Schaus, 1905. Podalia walkeri Hopp, 1935 and P. dimidiata (Walker, 1865) are syn. nov. of P. farmbri Kaye, 1925. Renia bipunctata (Kaye, 1901) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Zanclognatha bipunctata. Aristaria trinitalis Schaus, 1906 (Erebidae) is a syn. nov. of Renia bipunctata Kaye, 1901. Aglaonice deldonalis Walker, 1859 sp. rev. (Erebidae) is removed from the synonymy of A. hirtipalpis Walker, [1859]. Plusiodonta cupristria Kaye, 1923 (Erebidae) is a syn. nov. of Oraesia excitans Walker [1858]. Oroscopa abluta (Schaus, 1912) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Freilla abluta Schaus, 1912, which is a new combination in common use, but not previously published. Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Noctua auct. dorsalis Fabricius, a new combination already in use, but not formally published. I endorse the unpublished conclusion of I.W.B. Nye that Ptichodis basilans (Guenée, 1852) is a syn. nov. of Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Ptichodis agrapta Hampson, 1913 is also a syn. nov. of Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Este catálogo incluye registros de 355 especies de polillas de Tobago, de las cuales 15 han sido parcialmente identificadas. Del total de especies, sólo 17 (5%) no se han identificado en Trinidad, aunque no todos estos registros han sido publicados todavía. De estas 17 especies, once se espera que estén presentes en Trinidad ya que también ocurren en tierra firme en Sudamérica y tan sólo dos se ha identificado en Tobago pero es probable que también esté presente en Trinidad. De tal modo, tan sólo cuatro especies (1% del total) que ocurren en las Antillas Menores no se han identificado más al sur de Tobago. Las familias más representadas son Erebidae, Crambidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae and Sphingidae, correspondiendo al 73% de los registros. Se realizan los siguientes cambios taxonómicos. Podalia farmbri (Kaye, 1925) sp. rev. (Megalopygidae) se elimna como sinónimo de P. nigrescens Schaus, 1905. Podalia walkeri Hopp, 1935 y P. dimidiata (Walker, 1865) son syn. nov. de P. farmbri Kaye, 1925. Renia bipunctata (Kaye, 1901) (Erebidae) es una comb. nov. para Zanclognatha bipunctata. Aristaria trinitalis Schaus, 1906 (Erebidae) es un syn. nov. de Renia bipunctata Kaye, 1901. Aglaonice deldonalis Walker, 1859 sp. rev. (Erebidae) se elimina como sinónimo de A. hirtipalpis Walker, [1859]. Plusiodonta cupristria Kaye, 1923 (Erebidae) es un syn. nov. de Oraesia excitans Walker [1858]. Oroscopa abluta (Schaus, 1912) (Erebidae) es un comb. nov. para Freilla abluta Schaus, 1912, la cual es una combinación nueva de uso común, pero que no ha sido publicada anteriormente. Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797) (Erebidae) es una comb. nov. para Noctua auct. dorsalis Fabricius, una nueva combinación ya en uso pero que no se ha publicado formalmente. Apoyo la conclusion no publicada de I.W.B. Nye afirmando que Ptichodis basilans (Guenée, 1852) es un syn. nov. de Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Ptichodis agrapta Hampson, 1913 es también un syn. nov. de Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797)

Observations on White Grubs Affecting Sugar Cane at the Juba Sugar Project, South-Western Somalia, in the 1980s, and Implications for Their Management

The article reports some observations on white grubs affecting sugarcane at the Juba Sugar Project, in South-Western Somalia, in the 1980s, and the implications for their management.Maqaalku wuxuu ka hadlayaa arrimo la xiriira dixiriyaha cad ee waxyeeleeyo qasabka sonkorta ee mashruuca sonkorta ee Jubba. Baaritaankaas waxaa lagu sameeyey koofur-galbeed ee Soomaaliya sannadka 1980.L'articolo riporta alcune osservazioni su larve bianche che colpiscono la canna da zucchero nell'ambito del Juba Sugar Project, svoltosi nel sud-ovest della Somalia negli anni 1980, e le relative implicazioni per la loro gestione

The genetic basis of the kākāpō structural color polymorphism suggests balancing selection by an extinct apex predator

AU The:information Pleaseconfirmthatallheadinglevelsarerepresentedcorrectly contained in population genomic data can tell : us much about the past ecology and evolution of species. We leveraged detailed phenotypic and genomic data of nearly all living kākāpō to understand the evolution of its feather color polymorphism. The kākāpō is an endangered and culturally significant parrot endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand, and the green and olive feather colorations are present at similar frequencies in the population. The presence of such a neatly balanced color polymorphism is remarkable because the entire population currently numbers less than 250 birds, which means it has been exposed to severe genetic drift. We dissected the color phenotype, demonstrating that the two colors differ in their light reflectance patterns due to differential feather structure. We used quantitative genomics methods to identify two genetic variants whose epistatic interaction can fully explain the species’ color phenotype. Our genomic forward simulations show that balancing selection might have been pivotal to establish the polymorphism in the ancestrally large population, and to maintain it during population declines that involved a severe bottleneck. We hypothesize that an extinct apex predator was the likely agent of balancing selection, making the color polymorphism in the kākāpō a “ghost of selection past.

Evolutionary genomics of a cold-adapted diatom: Fragilariopsis cylindrus

The Southern Ocean houses a diverse and productive community of organisms1, 2. Unicellular eukaryotic diatoms are the main primary producers in this environment, where photosynthesis is limited by low concentrations of dissolved iron and large seasonal fluctuations in light, temperature and the extent of sea ice3, 4, 5, 6, 7. How diatoms have adapted to this extreme environment is largely unknown. Here we present insights into the genome evolution of a cold-adapted diatom from the Southern Ocean, Fragilariopsis cylindrus8, 9, based on a comparison with temperate diatoms. We find that approximately 24.7 per cent of the diploid F. cylindrus genome consists of genetic loci with alleles that are highly divergent (15.1 megabases of the total genome size of 61.1 megabases). These divergent alleles were differentially expressed across environmental conditions, including darkness, low iron, freezing, elevated temperature and increased CO2. Alleles with the largest ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions also show the most pronounced condition-dependent expression, suggesting a correlation between diversifying selection and allelic differentiation. Divergent alleles may be involved in adaptation to environmental fluctuations in the Southern Ocean

Add-on cannabidiol treatment for drug-resistant seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex

Importance Efficacy of cannabidiol has been demonstrated in seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes but appears not yet to have been established in conditions with primarily focal seizures, such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of 25-mg/kg/day and 50-mg/kg/day cannabidiol dosages vs placebo against seizures associated with TSC.Design, Setting, and Participants This double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (GWPCARE6) enrolled patients between April 6, 2016, and October 4, 2018; follow-up was completed on February 15, 2019. The trial was conducted at 46 sites in Australia, Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and United States. Eligible patients (aged 1-65 years) were those with a clinical diagnosis of TSC and medication-resistant epilepsy who had had at least 8 TSC-associated seizures during the 4-week baseline period, with at least 1 seizure occurring in at least 3 of the 4 weeks, and were currently taking at least 1 antiepileptic medication.Interventions Patients received oral cannabidiol at 25 mg/kg/day (CBD25) or 50 mg/kg/day (CBD50) or a matched placebo for 16 weeks.Main Outcomes and Measures The prespecified primary outcome was the change from baseline in number of TSC-associated seizures for cannabidiol vs placebo during the treatment period.Results Of 255 patients screened for eligibility, 31 were excluded and 224 were randomized. Of the 224 included patients (median [range] age, 11.4 [1.1-56.8] years; 93 female patients [41.5%]), 75 were randomized to CBD25, 73 to CBD50, and 76 to placebo, with 201 completing treatment. The percentage reduction from baseline in the type of seizures considered the primary end point was 48.6% (95% CI, 40.4%-55.8%) for the CBD25 group, 47.5% (95% CI, 39.0%-54.8%) for the CBD50 group, and 26.5% (95% CI, 14.9%-36.5%) for the placebo group; the percentage reduction from placebo was 30.1% (95% CI, 13.9%-43.3%; P < .001) for the CBD25 group and 28.5% (95% CI, 11.9%-42.0%; nominal P = .002) for the CBD50 group. The most common adverse events were diarrhea (placebo group, 19 [25%]; CBD25 group, 23 [31%]; CBD50 group, 41 [56%]) and somnolence (placebo group, 7 [9%]; CBD25 group, 10 [13%]; CBD50 group, 19 [26%]), which occurred more frequently with cannabidiol than placebo. Eight patients in CBD25 group, 10 in CBD50 group, and 2 in the placebo group discontinued treatment because of adverse events. Twenty-eight patients taking cannabidiol (18.9%) had elevated liver transaminase levels vs none taking placebo.Conclusions and Relevance Cannabidiol significantly reduced TSC-associated seizures compared with placebo. The 25-mg/kg/day dosage had a better safety profile than the 50-mg/kg/day dosage

A preliminary catalogue of the moths (Lepidoptera except Papilionoidea) of Tobago, West Indies

This catalogue comprises records of 355 species of moths (non-papilionoid Lepidoptera) from Tobago, of which 15 are partially identified. Of this total, all except 17 (5%) are known from Trinidad, although not all these records from Trinidad are published yet. Of these 17, eleven are expected to occur in Trinidad as they also occur on the mainland of South America and two are only known from Tobago but will probably also occur in Trinidad. This leaves just four species (1% of the total) that are known from the Lesser Antilles and are currently not known from further south than Tobago. The families represented by the most species are Erebidae, Crambidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae and Sphingidae, which between them account for 73% of records. Taxonomic changes are made as follows. Podalia farmbri (Kaye, 1925) sp. rev. (Megalopygidae) is removed from the synonymy of P. nigrescens Schaus, 1905. Podalia walkeri Hopp, 1935 and P. dimidiata (Walker, 1865) are syn. nov. of P. farmbri Kaye, 1925. Renia bipunctata (Kaye, 1901) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Zanclognatha bipunctata. Aristaria trinitalis Schaus, 1906 (Erebidae) is a syn. nov. of Renia bipunctata Kaye, 1901. Aglaonice deldonalis Walker, 1859 sp. rev. (Erebidae) is removed from the synonymy of A. hirtipalpis Walker, [1859]. Plusiodonta cupristria Kaye, 1923 (Erebidae) is a syn. nov. of Oraesia excitans Walker [1858]. Oroscopa abluta (Schaus, 1912) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Freilla abluta Schaus, 1912, which is a new combination in common use, but not previously published. Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797) (Erebidae) is a comb. nov. for Noctua auct. dorsalis Fabricius, a new combination already in use, but not formally published. I endorse the unpublished conclusion of I.W.B. Nye that Ptichodis basilans (Guenée, 1852) is a syn. nov. of Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Ptichodis agrapta Hampson, 1913 is also a syn. nov. of Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Este catálogo incluye registros de 355 especies de polillas de Tobago, de las cuales 15 han sido parcialmente identificadas. Del total de especies, sólo 17 (5%) no se han identificado en Trinidad, aunque no todos estos registros han sido publicados todavía. De estas 17 especies, once se espera que estén presentes en Trinidad ya que también ocurren en tierra firme en Sudamérica y tan sólo dos se ha identificado en Tobago pero es probable que también esté presente en Trinidad. De tal modo, tan sólo cuatro especies (1% del total) que ocurren en las Antillas Menores no se han identificado más al sur de Tobago. Las familias más representadas son Erebidae, Crambidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae and Sphingidae, correspondiendo al 73% de los registros. Se realizan los siguientes cambios taxonómicos. Podalia farmbri (Kaye, 1925) sp. rev. (Megalopygidae) se elimna como sinónimo de P. nigrescens Schaus, 1905. Podalia walkeri Hopp, 1935 y P. dimidiata (Walker, 1865) son syn. nov. de P. farmbri Kaye, 1925. Renia bipunctata (Kaye, 1901) (Erebidae) es una comb. nov. para Zanclognatha bipunctata. Aristaria trinitalis Schaus, 1906 (Erebidae) es un syn. nov. de Renia bipunctata Kaye, 1901. Aglaonice deldonalis Walker, 1859 sp. rev. (Erebidae) se elimina como sinónimo de A. hirtipalpis Walker, [1859]. Plusiodonta cupristria Kaye, 1923 (Erebidae) es un syn. nov. de Oraesia excitans Walker [1858]. Oroscopa abluta (Schaus, 1912) (Erebidae) es un comb. nov. para Freilla abluta Schaus, 1912, la cual es una combinación nueva de uso común, pero que no ha sido publicada anteriormente. Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797) (Erebidae) es una comb. nov. para Noctua auct. dorsalis Fabricius, una nueva combinación ya en uso pero que no se ha publicado formalmente. Apoyo la conclusion no publicada de I.W.B. Nye afirmando que Ptichodis basilans (Guenée, 1852) es un syn. nov. de Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797). Ptichodis agrapta Hampson, 1913 es también un syn. nov. de Ptichodis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1797)

Tineidae Latreille 1810

Family Tineidae Leucophasma carmodiella Busck, 1910 This species was described from Tobago. Although it is not known from Trinidad, it seems likely that it will be found to occur there.Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W., 2017, A preliminary catalogue of the moths (Lepidoptera except Papilionoidea) of Tobago, West Indies, pp. 1-58 in Insecta Mundi 2017 (585) on page 49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.516930

Hypeninae Herrich-Schaffer 1851

Subfamily Hypeninae Nomenclature follows Poole (1989). Hypena porrectalis (Fabricius, 1794) This species has been placed in Ophiuche Hübner, but Poole (1989) synonymysed the two genera, and this is accepted by Lafontaine and Schmidt (2010), although not by Heppner (2003). Identified by comparison with the NHMUK series, with the type of its synonym obditalis Walker (NHMUK, &male;) and NHMUK series. Charlotteville, at light: &female; 15–19 Jun 1998 (Roger Hammond & Piers Meynell) [UWIZM.CABI.8154]; Crown Point, at light: &female; 15–17 May 1981 (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]; Scarborough, Scarborough, Marden House, MVL: 3&male; 9 Jan 1982 (M.J.W. Cock) [&male; UWIZM.CABI.3573, 2&male; MJWC] Hypena lividalis (Hübner, 1796) Like the last, this species has also been placed in Ophiuche. Identified by comparison with the type of H. scissalis Walker (NHMUK, Dominican Republic, a synonym) and NHMUK series of H. lividalis. Charlotteville, at light: &female; (no head) 14–18 Jun 1999 (Roger Hammond) [MJWC]Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W., 2017, A preliminary catalogue of the moths (Lepidoptera except Papilionoidea) of Tobago, West Indies, pp. 1-58 in Insecta Mundi 2017 (585) on page 38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.516930

Immidae Common 1979

Family Immidae Nomenclature follows Heppner (1984). Moca nephallactis (Meyrick, 1906) Identified by comparison with the types (NHMUK, Cuidad Bolivar, Venezuela). Charlotteville, at light:? &male; 24 Oct 2015 (K. Sookdeo photo, Tobago Moths 1); Cocoa Wattie: &male; 8 Apr 1907 (G.B. Longstaff) [OUNHM]Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W., 2017, A preliminary catalogue of the moths (Lepidoptera except Papilionoidea) of Tobago, West Indies, pp. 1-58 in Insecta Mundi 2017 (585) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.516930