Postpartum Depression Among Women With Previous Infertility in Health Care Centers of Hamadan in 2018

Background: Childbirth is one of the important goals of family, so the infertility can cause many problems for the family. Therefore, the aims of the current study were the frequency of postpartum depression and evaluate the relationship between postpartum depression, socio demographic factors and quality of marital satisfaction in postpartum women with a history of infertility referring to health centers in Hamadan.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all primiparous women with a history of infertility referring to Hamadan health care centres in 2018, of which 240 were randomly selected according to the inclusion criteria during one year. Subjects were assessed by demographic and clinical information checklist, Edinburgh Depression Inventory (EPDS) and marital relationship quality scale (Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale; RDAS). All statistical calculations were performed by busing chi square with SPSS-17.Results: Totally 152 out of 240 participants (63.3%), had a degree of depression, of which 57 (23.7%) had a mild depression, 63 (26.3%) had moderate depression and 32 (13.3%) had severe depression. According to result of the study, marital satisfaction in 23.3% (56), 37.1% (89) and 39.6% (95) were good, moderate and low respectively. The quality of marital relationship associated significantly with and postpartum depression (χ2=19.3,P<0.001). The results of the study showed that there was a significant relationship between age, occupation, educational level, duration of infertility and depression (P<0.05), but there was no significant relationship between ethnicity, insurance and depression (P<0.05).Conclusion: Regarding the results obtained in this study and comparison with existing studies, the infertility problem can cause mental and psychological disorders in women. It seems that the marital satisfaction and its relationship with different factors and the proper interventions by health care providers are necessary to prevent postpartum depression in these women

Effectiveness of Mindfulness Intervention on Cognitive Functions: A Meta-analysis of Mindfulness Studies

Background: The experience of cognitive deficits is common among patients with degenerative and psychiatric disorders. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the empirical literature of mindfulness intervention on cognitive functions. Methods: This study was conducted in June 2020 by using the scientific records were retrieved by a systematic search of several bibliographic databases on the Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Sciences, Google scholar database from 2000 to 2020 for testing the effect of mindfulness intervention on cognitive functions. For data analysis CMA2 software were used. Heterogeneity assessed by Cochran’s Q statistics test. Publication Bias assessed by Orwin fail safe N, Begg’s method kendall’s Tau, Egger’s method intercept and funnel plot. Results: from 17 initial studies, 28 effect sizes were calculated. Among the 28 effect sizes, 6 indicators were negative and 22 indicators were positive. key results from the meta-analysis, Compared to healthy controls showed that people were receive mindfulness intervention significantly improved in working memory and attention function, with this enhance medium magnitude (Hedges’ g = 0.32, 0.35 respectively, see Figure 2). There was no significant improve by use mindfulness intervention on executive function. Conclusions: The results prove the initial evidence that mindfulness intervention can improve some neurocognitive processing such as attention function and working memor

Differential pattern of brain functional connectome in obsessive-compulsive disorder versus healthy controls

Researchers believe that recognition of functional impairment in some of brain networks such as frontal-parietal, default mode network (DMN), anterior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and striatal structures could be a beneficial biomarker for diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although it is well recognized brain functional connectome in OCD patients shows changes, debate still remains on characteristics of the changes. In this regard, little has been done so far to statistically assess the altered pattern using whole brain electroencephalography. In this study, resting state EEG data of 39 outpatients with OCD and 19 healthy controls (HC) were recorded. After, brain functional network was estimated from the cleaned EEG data using the weighted phase lag index algorithm. Output matrices of OCD group and HCs were then statistically compared to represent meaningful differences. Significant differences in functional connectivity pattern were demonstrated in several regions. As expected the most significant changes were observed in frontal cortex, more significant in frontal-temporal connections (between F3 and F7, and T5 regions). These results in OCD patients are consistent with previous studies and confirm the role of frontal and temporal brain regions in OCD

Further evidence of psychological factors underlying choice of elective cesarean delivery (ECD) by primigravidae

Objective: Requests for elective cesarean delivery (ECD) have increased in Iran. While some sociodemographic and fear-related factors have been linked with this choice, psychological factors such as self-esteem, stress, and health beliefs are under-researched. Methods: A total of 342 primigravidae (mean age = 25 years) completed questionnaires covering psychological dimensions such as self-esteem, perceived stress, marital relationship quality, perceived social support, and relevant health-related beliefs. Results: Of the sample, 214 (62.6%) chose to undergo ECD rather than vaginal delivery (VD). This choice was associated with lower self-esteem, greater perceived stress, belief in higher susceptibility to problematic birth and barriers to an easy birth, along with lower perceived severity of ECD, fewer perceived benefits from VD, lower self-efficacy and a lower feeling of preparedness. No differences were found for marital relationship quality or perceived social support. Conclusions: The pattern suggests that various psychological factors such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, and perceived stress underpin the decision by primigravidae to have an ECD

Effects of health education on choice of delivery mode and fear related to childbirth among primigravidae in Hamadan, Iran

The choice of delivery method is a concern of the third trimester and a critically important decision during pregnancy. Naturally, this brings up a question regarding the safety of both mother and child. The rates of Caesarean Section in many countries have increased in spite of the known risks of this procedure. Caesarean Sections by maternal request also play a role in increasing the overall caesarean rate in the world. The rate of caesarean sections was 47.5% and 79.1% in public and private hospitals respectively in Hamadan province in 2012, the West part of Iran. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of health education on the choice of delivery method among primigravidae in Hamadan, Iran. A randomized controlled trial design was conducted based on the Health Belief Model. This study investigates the effect of a health education programme on fear related to childbirth, beliefs and choice delivery method among Primigravidae. The sampling method was multi-stage random sampling in which 342 primigravidae was randomly selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomized to either the two intervention groups or the control group. The reliable and valid tools in this study were included Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale,Perceived Stress scale, Revised Dyadic adjustment Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Revised Fear related to Childbirth Scale and the Health Belief Model Scale. An educational module on prenatal health education was developed. The ultimate goals of the educational intervention were reducing fear related to childbirth, changing beliefs about natural childbirth and decreasing request a caesarean section. The two educational methods tested in this study; the discussion group and the booklet. All materials of four sessions in the discussion group are similar to four sections of the booklet as well as their time. The primigravidae received the four sections of the booklet or four two-hour sessions every 4 weeks after pretest, while the control group received the routine prenatal education. The duration of intervention was 16 weeks and post test was conducted after four weeks of the last education. Both programmes were delivered by trained peers. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA was applied to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. The outcome measures were assessed at pretest and post test. There were significant difference in the mean scores of self esteem (p=.005) and perceived stress (p<.001) in comparison with the control group. Conversely, there were no differences in the mean scores of quality of marital relationship and perceived social support between groups. These scales were considered as influencing factors in fear related to childbirth. There were significant main effects for group [F = 14.6, p < 0.001, η2=0.08]; time [F = 40.7, p< 0.001, η2= 0.11] and group x time interaction [F =110.68, p < 0.001, η2= 0.4] for fear related to childbirth. Similarly, the main effects for group [F = 24.764, p <0.001, η2=0.13], time [F = 362.57, p < 0.001, η2=0.475], and group x time interaction [F= 104.24, p= < 0.001, η2=0.611] were significant regarding beliefs. The request of a caesarean section was significantly different (χ2 =10.94, p=0.004) between intervention groups and control group. The prenatal health intervention programme was effective in decreasing fear related to childbirth and changing the behaviour related to request a caesarean section. The rate of choice of caesarean section was reduced after intervention among primigravidae in Hamadan

Why do primigravidae request caesarean section in a normal pregnancy? A qualitative study in Iran

Objective To gain a deeper understanding of why Iranian primigravidae request caesarean section without any medical indication. Design Qualitative study. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was undertaken. Setting Four health care centres at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Participants 14 primigravidae who requested caesarean section without any medical indication. Findings Reasons for requesting caesarean section were related to fear of childbirth (labour pain, injury to mother or infant), complications after vaginal delivery (vaginal prolapse, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction), trust in obstetricians, and lack of trust in maternity ward staff. Key conclusions and implications for practice The main reasons given for requesting caesarean section show that there is urgent need for effective antenatal assessment to enable pregnant women to ask questions and express their concerns. In order to promote vaginal birth, there is a need to develop antenatal education and strategies to enhance women's knowledge, confidence and competence about vaginal birth. Health care providers should be re-educated about the observance of medical ethics and professional rules in their practices, and change their attitudes and behaviours to vaginal birth. Evaluation, improvement and change in maternity care policies are recommended to promote natural childbirth

Five decades of scientific development on "attachment theory": Trends and future landscape

Attachment Theory is one of the most frequently used frameworks which revolutionised the understanding of human behaviour, from early childhood to adulthood. Attachment Theory's scholarly output was examined using a quantitative bibliometric approach, based on rigorous facts extracted from the WoS databases from 1970 to 2017. Overall, 1,700 documents in the category "Psychology" with the topic "Attachment Theory" were analysed to find trends of publications, networking coupling, keywords frequencies, top authors, and highly cited papers. A qualitative content analysis of the top 20 documents with the highest average citation per year was done to provide insight on document approaches. The results show that the scientific productivity in "attachment theory" is highly skewed. The authors recommend publishing attachment theory related articles in an open access journal. There is a need for further interdisciplinary research and practice collaboration to move beyond the sole psychological approach and realise the importance of multi-disciplinary approaches

Genes Encoding GABA-β and HT1D Receptors in Bipolar I (Manic Phase) Patients

Introduction: According to the cumulative evidence, genes encoding GABA receptors inhibit neurotransmitters in CNS and are intricately involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Based on this hypothesis, these genes may be expressed in bipolar patients. As a result, we evaluated the gene expressions of GABA-&beta;3 and HT1D receptors to assess their associations with bipolar mood disorder. Methods: In this study, 22 patients with bipolar I disorder (single manic episode) and 22 healthy individuals were enrolled. All participants were older than 15 years and had referred to Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. They were diagnosed based on DSM IV&ndash;TR criteria and young mania rating scale in order to determine the severity of mania by a psychiatrist as bipolar Type 1 disorder in manic episode. We evaluated the expression of GABA&ndash;&beta;3 and HT1D receptor genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using. real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results: In our study, a reduction in the gene expression of GABA&ndash;&beta;3 and HT1D receptors was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients with bipolar disorders compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: The results of this study supports the hypothesis that the gene expression for serotonin and GABA receptors can be employed. in elucidating the pathogenesis of bipolar disorders

Knowledge of breast cancer and breast self-examination practice among Iranian women in Hamedan, Iran

BACKGROUND: In Iran, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women and a major public health problem. METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out to determine knowledge on breast cancer and breast self- examination (BSE) practices of 384 females living in the city of Hamadan, Iran. A purposive sampling method was adopted and data were collected via face-to-face interviews based on a validated questionnaire developed for this study. RESULTS: Among respondents 268 (69.8%) were married and 144 (37.5%) of the respondents reported having a family history of breast cancer. One hundred respondents (26.0%) claimed they practiced BSE. Level of breast cancer knowledge was significantly associated with BSE practice (p=0.000). There was no association with demographic details (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings showed that Iranian women's knowledge regarding breast cancer and the practice of BSE is inadequate. Targeted education should be implemented to improve early detection of breast cancer