245 research outputs found

    Measurement of the Radius of Neutron Stars with High S/N Quiescent Low-mass X-ray Binaries in Globular Clusters

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    This paper presents the measurement of the neutron star (NS) radius using the thermal spectra from quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries (qLMXBs) inside globular clusters (GCs). Recent observations of NSs have presented evidence that cold ultra dense matter -- present in the core of NSs -- is best described by "normal matter" equations of state (EoSs). Such EoSs predict that the radii of NSs, Rns, are quasi-constant (within measurement errors, of ~10%) for astrophysically relevant masses (Mns > 0.5 Msun). The present work adopts this theoretical prediction as an assumption, and uses it to constrain a single Rns value from five qLMXB targets with available high signal-to-noise X-ray spectroscopic data. Employing a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo approach, we produce the marginalized posterior distribution for Rns, constrained to be the same value for all five NSs in the sample. An effort was made to include all quantifiable sources of uncertainty into the uncertainty of the quoted radius measurement. These include the uncertainties in the distances to the GCs, the uncertainties due to the Galactic absorption in the direction of the GCs, and the possibility of a hard power-law spectral component for count excesses at high photon energy, which are observed in some qLMXBs in the Galactic plane. Using conservative assumptions,we found that the radius, common to the five qLMXBs and constant for a wide range of masses, lies in the low range of possible NS radii, Rns=9.1(+1.3)(-1.5) km (90%-confidence). Such a value is consistent with low-res equations of state. We compare this result with previous radius measurements of NSs from various analyses of different types of systems. In addition, we compare the spectral analyses of individual qLMXBs to previous works.Comment: Accepted to Apj. 31 pages, 17 figures, 8 table

    Evolution of Exoplanets and their Parent Stars

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    Studying exoplanets with their parent stars is crucial to understand their population, formation and history. We review some of the key questions regarding their evolution with particular emphasis on giant gaseous exoplanets orbiting close to solar-type stars. For masses above that of Saturn, transiting exoplanets have large radii indicative of the presence of a massive hydrogen-helium envelope. Theoretical models show that this envelope progressively cools and contracts with a rate of energy loss inversely proportional to the planetary age. The combined measurement of planetary mass, radius and a constraint on the (stellar) age enables a global determination of the amount of heavy elements present in the planet interior. The comparison with stellar metallicity shows a correlation between the two, indicating that accretion played a crucial role in the formation of planets. The dynamical evolution of exoplanets also depends on the properties of the central star. We show that the lack of massive giant planets and brown dwarfs in close orbit around G-dwarfs and their presence around F-dwarfs are probably tied to the different properties of dissipation in the stellar interiors. Both the evolution and the composition of stars and planets are intimately linked.Comment: appears in The age of stars - 23rd Evry Schatzman School on Stellar Astrophysics, Roscoff : France (2013

    Conception et validation d'une matrice 2D de détecteurs à fibres scintillantes plastiques pour la dosimétrie en radiothérapie externe

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    Cette thĂšse porte sur le dĂ©veloppement et la caractĂ©risation d’une matrice 2D de dĂ©tecteurs Ă  fibres scintillantes plastiques pour la dosimĂ©trie des faisceaux de photons d’énergie mĂ©gavoltage utilisĂ©s en radiothĂ©rapie. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s visĂ©es lors de la conception du dĂ©tecteur matriciel furent la justesse, l’équivalence Ă  l’eau, une bonne rĂ©solution spatiale, un nombre Ă©levĂ© de dĂ©tecteurs, et une lecture Ă  haute frĂ©quence des doses dĂ©posĂ©es. La premiĂšre partie de cette thĂšse fut consacrĂ©e Ă  amĂ©liorer la justesse de la mĂ©thode spectrale utilisĂ©e pour corriger l’effet Cerenkov. Deux procĂ©dures aptes Ă  extraire de façon juste les coefficients d’étalonnage ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que cette mĂ©thode peut corriger l’effet Cerenkov avec une justesse de 1%. La seconde partie de cette thĂšse fut consacrĂ©e Ă  la conception, la rĂ©alisation et la validation d’un dĂ©tecteur matriciel composĂ© de 781 dosimĂštres insĂ©rĂ©s dans un fantĂŽme eau-Ă©quivalent. Un systĂšme optique a aussi Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Il fut dĂ©terminĂ© qu’en moyenne, l’écart-type des mesures est infĂ©rieure Ă  1 % pour les doses supĂ©rieures Ă  6.3 cGy. Il fut aussi dĂ©montrĂ© que les distributions de dose ne sont pas perturbĂ©es (Ă  +/- 1.1 %) par la prĂ©sence des dosimĂštres Ă  l’intĂ©rieur du fantĂŽme. La caractĂ©risation de la dĂ©pendance angulaire a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e que les incidences des faisceaux ont peu d’impact sur la justesse des mesures. Le dĂ©tecteur matriciel a aussi Ă©tĂ© validĂ© dans le contexte de la radiothĂ©rapie Ă  intensitĂ© modulĂ©e (IMRT). Onze plans de traitement ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s et les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© d’excellents accords avec les doses calculĂ©es Ă  l’aide d’algorithmes convolution-superposition ou mesurĂ©es avec des films radiochromiques. La sensibilitĂ© et la spĂ©cificitĂ© du dĂ©tecteur matriciel aux erreurs de position d’une lame et d’un banc de lame d’un collimateur multi-lames (MLC) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es en appliquant la thĂ©orie de dĂ©tection du signal. Cette Ă©tude conclut que les dosimĂštres Ă  fibres scintillantes plastiques pourraient permettre d’amĂ©liorer la qualitĂ© de la dosimĂ©trie en IMRT, en raison de leurs avantages par rapport aux autres dosimĂštres, tels que l’équivalence Ă  l’eau, une haute rĂ©solution spatiale, la lecture Ă  haute frĂ©quence, et une trĂšs faible dĂ©pendance angulaire.This thesis deals with the development and characterization of a 2D array of plastic scintillation detectors for the dosimetry of megavoltage energy photon beams used in radiation therapy. The characteristics sought with the detector array are accuracy, water-equivalence, a good spatial resolution, a large number of detectors and a high frequency readout of the doses deposited. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the improvement of the accuracy of the spectral method used to correct the Cerenkov effect. A study has determined the optimal attenuation characteristics for the optical fibers and two procedures able to accurately extract the calibration coefficients were developed. Measurements performed in various situations showed that this method can correct the Cerenkov effect with an accuracy of 1 %. The second part of this thesis relates to the design, realization and validation of a detector array consisting of 781 plastic scintillation detectors inserted vertically into a plane of a water-equivalent phantom. An novel optical system was also designed. It was determined that, on average, the standard deviation of measurements is smaller than 1 % for doses deposited greater than 6.3 cGy. It was also demonstrated that the dose distributions are not perturbed (within +/- 1.1 %) by the presence of the detectors inside the phantom. The characterization of the angular dependence showed that the incidences of radiation beams have very little effect on the accuracy of measurements. The detector array was also validated in the context of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Eleven treatment plans were measured and the results showed excellent agreements with dose distributions calculated with convolution-superposition algorithms or measured with radiochromic films. The sensitivity and specificity of the detector array to position errors of one leaf and one leaf bank of a multileaf collimator (MLC) were also determined by applying the principles of signal detection theory. The study concluded that plastic scintillation detectors could allow improving the quality of dosimetry in IMRT, due to their advantages compared to other dosimeters, such as water-equivalence, high frequency readout, high spatial resolution and a very low angular dependence

    La réussite criminelle des participants à la fraude financiÚre en ligne

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    Le carding est un phénomène cybercriminel de par lequel des cyberdélinquants (appelés carders) vont compromettre et utiliser frauduleusement des données financières et bancaires. De nombreuses entités privées ou publiques ont mis en évidence l'importance des pertes monétaires occasionnées par ce nouveau type de criminalité. D'un point de vu criminologique, peu de recherches académiques se sont penchées sur l'ampleur de ce phénomène et plus particulièrement sur la réussite criminelle des carders. Pour combler ce manque de connaissances, ce projet de recherche a pour objectif de comprendre la réussite criminelle des carders en observant l'impact de leurs caractéristiques personnelles et sociales sur leurs revenus criminels. Les différentes variables mobilisées relatent entre autres les activités marchandes ou encore les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des carders interrogés. Pour ce faire, un sondage en ligné, hébergé sur Tor, a été mené. Au total, 49 sondages complets ont été collectés pour être analysés. En s'attelant à décrire les caractéristiques personnelles et sociales des carders, ce travail a été en mesure de mettre à jour les connaissances préalablement acquises sur les carders et de répondre à des manques de consensus sur certains pans des activités de ces cyberdélinquants. L'ensemble des résultats révèlent que peu de carders affichent une réussite criminelle élevée et qu'une minorité d'entre eux gagnent de forts revenus. La réussite crimnelle des carders s'explique par le fait de disposer de compétences spécialisées, de bénéficier d'une bonne expérience, d'utiliser des forums de discussion en ligne ou encore d'occuper des rôles centraux sur les lieux de convergence virtuels. Outre le fait d'apporter des réponses quant à ces prédicteurs sur la réussite criminelle des carders, ce projet de recherche permet de constater les apports et les faiblesses de l'utilisation d'un sondage pour collecter des données dans une écosystème cybercriminel.Carding is a criminal phenomenon which consists of compromising financial data in order to do fraudulent transactions. Several private and public parties highlighted the size of the loss caused by this new form of criminality. From the criminological angle, little research is available in the size and scope of the phenomenon, particularly on the criminal achievement of this kind of online offenders (called carders). To fill this gap, this research project is aimed at understand the criminal achievement of carders by observing the impact of their personal and social characteristics on their criminal income. Theses variables relate among others to their market activities or their sociodemographic. To do so, an online survey, hosted on Tor, was conducted. A total of 49 completed surveys were collected to do our analysis. By describing these personal and social characteristics, this work has been able to update our knowledge about carders and to address gaps about certain part of what we known about carding. Overall, the results shown that few carders can claim a good criminal achievement and that a minority of them can earn large amounts of money. Experience, speciliazed skills, the use of online forums or play the role of broker explained the criminal achievement among carders.Apart from the fact that our study brings some answers about those predictors, this project highlights the strengths and weaknesses of using an online survey to collect data from a criminal ecosystem

    Extracting the hydrodynamic resistance of droplets from their behavior in microchannel networks

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    The overall traffic of droplets in a network of microfluidic channels is strongly influenced by the liquid properties of the moving droplets. In particular, the effective hydrodynamic resistance of individual droplets plays a key role in their global behavior. We here propose two simple and low-cost experimental methods for measuring this parameter by analyzing the dynamics of a regular sequence of droplets injected into an "asymmetric loop" network. The choice of a droplet taking either route through the loop is influenced by the presence of previous droplets which modulate the hydrodynamic resistance of the branches they are sitting in. We propose to extract the effective resistance of a droplet from easily observable time series, namely from the choices the droplets make at junctions and from the inter-droplet distances. This becomes possible when utilizing a recently proposed theoretical model, based on a number of simplifying assumptions. We here present several sets of measurements of the hydrodynamic resistance of droplets, expressed in terms of a "resistance length". The aim is twofold, (1) to reveal its dependence on a number of parameters, such as the viscosity, the volume of droplets, their velocity as well as the spacing between them. At the same time (2), by using a standard measurement technique, we compare the limitations of the proposed methods. As an important result of this comparison we obtain the range of validity of the simplifying assumptions made in the theoretical model.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure

    Les relations entre épargne salariale et rémunérations : une analyse des stratégies et de la cohérence des pratiques

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    Cette communication s'inscrit dans la lignĂ©e des travaux qui Ă©tudient le lien entre partage des profits et niveau des salaires. Si les travaux antĂ©rieurs se sont largement focalisĂ©s sur les enjeux de l'intĂ©ressement, il paraĂźt intĂ©ressant de considĂ©rer, au travers du cas français, la diversitĂ© des dispositifs d'Ă©pargne salariale (ES), en particulier le Plan d'Ă©pargne et les pratiques d'abondement et de versements volontaires des salariĂ©s. En croisant les donnĂ©es de l'enquĂȘte REPONSE menĂ©e par la DARES en 2004 et de l'enquĂȘte PIPA de 2005 portant sur les pratiques d'ES des entreprises françaises, nous avons, sur un Ă©chantillon final de 1143 entreprises, construit une typologie originale fondĂ©e sur le caractĂšre volontaire et l'intensitĂ© des politiques d'ES menĂ©es par les entreprises. L'objectif Ă©tait ensuite, Ă  l'aide de modĂšles de rĂ©gression, de chercher la cohĂ©rence entre l'intensitĂ© des politiques d'ES et les pratiques salariales par ailleurs, en considĂ©rant non seulement les caractĂ©ristiques de niveau et de dispersion des salaires mais aussi les modalitĂ©s de rĂ©munĂ©ration. Nos rĂ©sultats valident la thĂšse selon laquelle les pratiques d'ES plus intenses auraient plutĂŽt tendance Ă  ĂȘtre associĂ©es Ă  un niveau de salaire plus Ă©levĂ© et mettent en Ă©vidence l'intĂ©gration de la politique d'ES dans une stratĂ©gie de rĂ©munĂ©ration globale cohĂ©rente, en lien avec les pratiques d'augmentations et de primes aux performances collectives ou individuelles

    EyeSchool: an educational assistive technology for people with disabilities - Passing from single actors to multiple-actor environment

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    International audienceSince 2005, public policy in France has strongly been encouraging young people with disabilities inclusion within the regular school system. This has found a direct application through technical innovation, intended to help students being more independent within their learning activities. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to underline the manner in which using assistive information and communication technologies may improve the inclusive education for people with disabilities. The case study we present underlines the complexity of the social world into which the use of a precise assistive tool takes it place
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