Assainissement et Risque de Maladies des Populations en Commune VI du District de Bamako, Mali

L’urbanisation rapide et incontrôlée des villes africaines pose d’énormes difficultés d’accès aux infrastructures urbaines notamment celles liées à l’assainissement. L’absence de ce service de base engendre de mauvaises conditions d’hygiène, source de développement des germes pathogènes, responsables de nombreuses maladies. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la relation entre l’absence ou les insuffisances du système d’assainissement et les risques sur la santé des populations en commune VI du District de Bamako. Après une revue des documents se rapportant sur le sujet, une enquête a été conduite auprès d’un échantillon de 329 ménages. Les informations collectées ont été saisies, traitées et analysées selon les méthodes de statistique descriptive. Il s’est assorti des tableaux simples et croisés, des graphiques qui ont été interprétés en fonction des besoins et des objectifs de l’étude. Les résultats issus des analyses ont montré qu’en CVI, il existe un déficit du système d’évacuation de déchets à travers leur mauvaise gestion et une mauvaise utilisation des poubelles. Cette situation s’accompagne de présence de risque de maladies. Toutefois, il s’avère que la question d’assainissement en CVI se pose avec acuité et engendre de réels problèmes de santé pour les populations. Il importe en effet de procéder à la réalisation de véritables infrastructures d’assainissement qui cadre bien avec l’évolution spatiale de la commune pour le bien-être des populations. Ces résultats serviront dans les prises de décisions afin de produire un meilleur cadre de vie aux populations de la Commune VI.   The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization of African cities have induced many problems of access to urban infrastructure, particularly those related to sanitation. The missing of this basic service leads to poor hygiene conditions, source of expansion of infective germs, responsible for many diseases. The objective of this research is to analyse the relationship between the absence or inadequate sanitation system and their risks to the health of the population of the commune VI (CVI) in Bamako District. After reviewing of literatures related to the subject, a survey was conducted with a sample of 329 households. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics methods. It was accompanied by simple and cross tables, graphs which were interpreted according to the needs and objectives of the study. The results showed that in CVI, there is a deficit in the waste disposal system through their mismanagement and of garbage cans. This situation is accompanied by the presence of a risk of disease. However, it turns out that the question of sanitation in CVI arises acutely and generates real health problems for the population. It is indeed important to carry out the construction of real sanitation infrastructures that fits well with the spatial evolution of the municipality for the well-being of the population. These results will be used in decision-making in order to provide a better living environment for the population of the CVI

Assainissement et Risque de Maladies des Populations en Commune VI du District de Bamako, Mali

L’urbanisation rapide et incontrôlée des villes africaines pose d’énormes difficultés d’accès aux infrastructures urbaines notamment celles liées à l’assainissement. L’absence de ce service de base engendre de mauvaises conditions d’hygiène, source de développement des germes pathogènes, responsables de nombreuses maladies. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la relation entre l’absence ou les insuffisances du système d’assainissement et les risques sur la santé des populations en commune VI du District de Bamako. Après une revue des documents se rapportant sur le sujet, une enquête a été conduite auprès d’un échantillon de 329 ménages. Les informations collectées ont été saisies, traitées et analysées selon les méthodes de statistique descriptive. Il s’est assorti des tableaux simples et croisés, des graphiques qui ont été interprétés en fonction des besoins et des objectifs de l’étude. Les résultats issus des analyses ont montré qu’en CVI, il existe un déficit du système d’évacuation de déchets à travers leur mauvaise gestion et une mauvaise utilisation des poubelles. Cette situation s’accompagne de présence de risque de maladies. Toutefois, il s’avère que la question d’assainissement en CVI se pose avec acuité et engendre de réels problèmes de santé pour les populations. Il importe en effet de procéder à la réalisation de véritables infrastructures d’assainissement qui cadre bien avec l’évolution spatiale de la commune pour le bien-être des populations. Ces résultats serviront dans les prises de décisions afin de produire un meilleur cadre de vie aux populations de la Commune VI.   The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization of African cities have induced many problems of access to urban infrastructure, particularly those related to sanitation. The missing of this basic service leads to poor hygiene conditions, source of expansion of infective germs, responsible for many diseases. The objective of this research is to analyse the relationship between the absence or inadequate sanitation system and their risks to the health of the population of the commune VI (CVI) in Bamako District. After reviewing of literatures related to the subject, a survey was conducted with a sample of 329 households. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics methods. It was accompanied by simple and cross tables, graphs which were interpreted according to the needs and objectives of the study. The results showed that in CVI, there is a deficit in the waste disposal system through their mismanagement and of garbage cans. This situation is accompanied by the presence of a risk of disease. However, it turns out that the question of sanitation in CVI arises acutely and generates real health problems for the population. It is indeed important to carry out the construction of real sanitation infrastructures that fits well with the spatial evolution of the municipality for the well-being of the population. These results will be used in decision-making in order to provide a better living environment for the population of the CVI

Assainissement et Risques de Maladies dans la Commune vi du District de Bamako, Mali

L’urbanisation rapide et incontrôlée de la ville de Bamako pose d’énormes difficultés d’accès aux infrastructures urbaines notamment celles liées à l’assainissement. L’absence de ce service de base engendre de mauvaises conditions d’hygiène, source de développement des germes pathogènes, responsables de nombreuses maladies. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la relation entre l’absence ou les insuffisances du système d’assainissement et les risques sur la santé des populations en commune VI du District de Bamako. Une enquête a été conduite auprès d’un échantillon initial de 329 ménages. Un tri a été faite pour sélectionner uniquement les ménages ayant déclaré des cas de maladie les 30 jours précédant les enquêtes. Les informations collectées auprès de ces ménages ont été saisies, traitées et analysées selon les méthodes de statistique descriptive. Les résultats issus des analyses ont montré que dans la Commune VI, il existe un déficit du système d’évacuation de déchets à travers leur mauvaise gestion et une mauvaise utilisation des poubelles. Cette situation s’accompagne de risques de maladies. Il importe en effet de réaliser de véritables infrastructures d’assainissement qui cadrent bien avec l’évolution spatiale de la commune pour le bien-être des populations. Ces résultats serviront dans les prises de décisions afin de produire un meilleur cadre de vie aux populations de la Commune VI.   The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization of Bamako city has induced many problems with access to urban infrastructure, particularly those related to sanitation. The missing of this basic service leads to poor hygiene conditions, a root for the development of many pathogenic germs and diseases. The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between the absence or inadequacies of the sanitation system and the risks to the health of the populations in commune VI of the District of Bamako. A survey was conducted with an initial sample of 329 households. Sorting was done to select only the households having declared cases of illness in the 30 days preceding the surveys. The collected information from this household was entered, processed, and analyzed using descriptive statistics methods. The results showed that in the area, there is a deficit in the waste disposal system through the mismanagement and misuse of garbage cans. This situation is accompanied by the risk of disease. It is indeed important to create real sanitation infrastructures that fit well with the spatial evolution of the municipality for the well-being of the population. These results will be used in decision-making in order to produce a better living environment for the populations of Commune VI

Spatio-Temporal Dynamic of Malaria Incidence: A Comparison of Two Ecological Zones in Mali

International audienceMalaria transmission largely depends on environmental, climatic, and hydrological conditions. In Mali, malaria epidemiological patterns are nested within three ecological zones. This study aimed at assessing the relationship between those conditions and the incidence of malaria in Dangassa and Koila, Mali. Malaria data was collected through passive case detection at community health facilities of each study site from June 2015 to January 2017. Climate and environmental data were obtained over the same time period from the Goddard Earth Sciences (Giovanni) platform and hydrological data from Mali hydraulic services. A generalized additive model was used to determine the lagged time between each principal component analysis derived component and the incidence of malaria cases, and also used to analyze the relationship between malaria and the lagged components in a multivariate approach. Malaria transmission patterns were bimodal at both sites, but peak and lull periods were longer lasting for Koila study site. Temperatures were associated with malaria incidence in both sites. In Dangassa, the wind speed (p = 0.005) and river heights (p = 0.010) contributed to increasing malaria incidence, in contrast to Koila, where it was humidity (p < 0.001) and vegetation (p = 0.004). The relationships between environmental factors and malaria incidence differed between the two settings, implying different malaria dynamics and adjustments in the conception and plan of interventions

Spatio-Temporal Variability of Malaria Incidence in the Health District of Kati, Mali, 2015&ndash;2019

Introduction: Despite the implementation of control strategies at the national scale, the malaria burden remains high in Mali, with more than 2.8 million cases reported in 2019. In this context, a new approach is needed, which accounts for the spatio-temporal variability of malaria transmission at the local scale. This study aimed to describe the spatio-temporal variability of malaria incidence and the associated meteorological and environmental factors in the health district of Kati, Mali. Methods: Daily malaria cases were collected from the consultation records of the 35 health areas of Kati&rsquo;s health district, for the period 2015&ndash;2019. Data on rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, the normalized difference vegetation index, air pressure, and land use&ndash;land cover were extracted from open-access remote sensing sources, while data on the Niger River&rsquo;s height and flow were obtained from the National Department of Hydraulics. To reduce the dimension and account for collinearity, strongly correlated meteorological and environmental variables were combined into synthetic indicators (SI), using a principal component analysis. A generalized additive model was built to determine the lag and the relationship between the main SIs and malaria incidence. The transmission periods were determined using a change-point analysis. High-risk clusters (hotspots) were detected using the SatScan method and were ranked according to risk level, using a classification and regression tree analysis. Results: The peak of the malaria incidence generally occurred in October. Peak incidence decreased from 60 cases per 1000 person&ndash;weeks in 2015, to 27 cases per 1000 person&ndash;weeks in 2019. The relationship between the first SI (river flow and height, relative humidity, and rainfall) and malaria incidence was positive and almost linear. A non-linear relationship was found between the second SI (air pressure and temperature) and malaria incidence. Two transmission periods were determined per year: a low transmission period from January to July&mdash;corresponding to a persisting transmission during the dry season&mdash;and a high transmission period from July to December. The spatial distribution of malaria hotspots varied according to the transmission period. Discussion: Our study confirmed the important variability of malaria incidence and found malaria transmission to be associated with several meteorological and environmental factors in the Kati district. The persistence of malaria during the dry season and the spatio-temporal variability of malaria hotspots reinforce the need for innovative and targeted strategies

Stratification at the health district level for targeting malaria control interventions in Mali

International audienceMalaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Mali. Between 2017 and 2020, the number of cases increased in the country, with 2,884,827 confirmed cases and 1454 reported deaths in 2020. We performed a malaria risk stratification at the health district level in Mali with a view to proposing targeted control interventions. Data on confirmed malaria cases were obtained from the District Health Information Software 2, data on malaria prevalence and mortality in children aged 6-59 months from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey, entomological data from Malian research institutions working on malaria in the sentinel sites of the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), and environmental data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. A stratification of malaria risk was performed. Targeted malaria control interventions were selected based on spatial heterogeneity of malaria incidence, malaria prevalence in children, vector resistance distribution, health facility usage, child mortality, and seasonality of transmission. These interventions were discussed with the NMCP and the different funding partners. In 2017-2019, median incidence across the 75 health districts was 129.34 cases per 1000 person-years (standard deviation = 86.48). Risk stratification identified 12 health districts in very low transmission areas, 19 in low transmission areas, 20 in moderate transmission areas, and 24 in high transmission areas. Low health facility usage and increased vector resistance were observed in high transmission areas. Eight intervention combinations were selected for implementation. Our work provides an updated risk stratification using advanced statistical methods to inform the targeting of malaria control interventions in Mali. This stratification can serve as a template for continuous malaria risk stratifications in Mali and other countries