Empowerment of School Committees and Parents in Tanzania: Delineating Existence of Opportunity, Its Use and Impact on School Decisions

Since the end of the twentieth century, public administration systems in developing countries have undergone significant transformation. This comes as a result of the global shift from centralized to decentralized political, fiscal and administrative systems. Through such transformation, governments seek to empower people at the grassroots level and to improve service delivery in all sectors. This dissertation examines the empowerment of school committees and parents in school governance, focusing on the sub-sector of primary education in Tanzania. In particular, it accomplishes three key goals: First, it delineates the empowerment of school committees and parents using Alsop and Heinsohn’s (2005) and Alsop et al.s’ (2006) three-level framework for measuring empowerment. The three levels are the Degree of Existence of Opportunity (DEO) for people at the grassroots level to participate in decision making, the Degree of Use of the Opportunity (DUO) and the Degree Of Impact (DOI) that the use of opportunity has on the decisions made by a school. Second, the dissertation determines factors affecting the empowerment of school committees in Tanzania. As for the third goal, the dissertation suggests important policy issues to be addressed for increasing the empowerment of people at the grassroots level in school governance. The study from which this work is written was carried out in 2012 and 2013 in seven purposefully selected districts/municipalities in Tanzania. The study employed a mixed methods approach. 214 members of school committees and 96 non-members from 101 schools answered a survey questionnaire. Additionally, 17 in-depth interviews with education officials, teachers and parents were conducted. As a follow-up to the emerging issues from the survey, the study also involved two focus-group discussions (one each) with parents and members of school committees. The survey data were analysed quantitatively through the comparison of means, independent sample t-tests, correlation analysis and multiple-linear regression analysis, all of which are presented in the dissertation mainly through tabulation. The data from interviews and focus groups were analysed through content analysis and are presented here in narrative form

User Participation in Delivering Public Services in Africa: Theory and Practice

For over three decades now, African countries particularly those in the Sub Sahara have been implementing public sector reforms aiming at improving delivery of public services through user participation among other strategies. In this paper, we examine how these reforms have shaped public service delivery through user participation in the Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). We envision the reforms process in three periods: the first wasmid1980s to1990s- where the significant effect is conceived to be mainly preparatory and setting the scene for the reforms actions to take place;   the second was mid 1990s to early 2000s conceived mainly as a phase for structural improvements and; third was mid 2000s –dates convincing improvements in service delivery through user participation is seen to have happened. We use evidences from different countries in the SSA to show the value of understanding the context in creating the fit for policy adoption. The main argument this paper raises is that as much as all of the reform packages implemented in Africa from the 1980s were externally prescribed by the World Bank and donors; they did not fit into the African context hence failed to empower users.  Keywords: user, participation, reforms, NPM, service deliver

Adsorption, desorption, and stabilization of arsenic on aluminum substituted ferrihydrite

Because of As toxicity, the complexity of its chemistry, and the recent lowering of the maximum contaminant level of As in municipal drinking water, there has been considerable interest for improved methods to remove As from water. Although Al and Fe hydroxides have been extensively studied as adsorbents for As removal during water treatment, coprecipitated Al:Fe hydroxides have received only minimal attention. The theoretical and experimental feasibility of coprecipitated Al:Fe hydroxide systems were evaluated by studying their mineralogy, stability, and As adsorption and desorption behavior. The broad XRD peaks revealed that Al was substituted into the ferrihydrite structure and that this was the only major product up to about a 2:8 Al:Fe molar ratio. Gibbsite and bayerite were identified when Al content was higher. The rate of recrystallization of ferrihydrite into goethite and hematite was significantly reduced as Al substitution was increased. In general, adsorption capacity of both AsV and AsIII decreased with increase in Al:Fe molar ratio; however, similar AsV adsorption capacities were observed with Fe and Al:Fe hydroxides with Al:(Al+Fe) molar ratios 7. Counterion concentration did not significantly affect AsV adsorption. Though phosphate desorbed both AsV and AsIII from all Al:Fe hydroxides, quantitative desorption was never observed. The results of this study indicate the possible utility of coprecipitated Al:Fe hydroxide in wastewater treatment. Based on adsorption/desorption behavior and stability of the Al:Fe hydroxide product, the preferred Al:Fe molar ratio was 2:8

Facters Affecting Arsenic Retetion Under Anaerobic Conditions

Stanford UniversityColorado State UniversityPromoting Environmental Pesearch in Pan-Japan Sea Area : Young Researchers\u27 Network, Schedule: March 8-10,2006,Kanazawa Excel Hotel Tokyu, Japan, Organized by: Kanazawa University 21st-Century COE Program, Environmental Monitoring and Prediction of Long- & Short- Term Dynamics of Pan-Japan Sea Area ; IICRC(Ishikawa International Cooperation Research Centre), Sponsors : Japan Sea Research ; UNU-IAS(United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies)+Ishikawa Prefecture Government ; City of Kanazaw

アイチケン アイシ ニ オケル ミンセイ イイン ニ タイシテ ノ コウレイシャ ギャクタイ ノ チョウサ カラ

民生委員は最も地域に根ざした福祉の担い手である。この民生委員に対する高齢者虐待の意識調査をおこなった。アンケート調査の対象は、I市の民生委員定数195人で、回答者は173人であった。(回答率88.7%)。性別は男性83人、女性82人で男女の差はなかった。年齢層は、60歳代が最も多く、51.4%、70歳代は20.2%であり、40歳代5.8%と最も少なかった。民生委員の在任期間は、3年が51人(29.5%)で最も多く、次いで6年が37人(21.4%)であり、全体の50.9%を占めている。9年以上の在任期間を有する者は全体の27.9%であった。民生委員の職業は、特徴的な傾向はないが、主婦が最も多く63人(38.4%)であった。僧侶が6人(3.5%)が目立つ程度である。民生委員の高齢者虐待の体験では、10.4%の人が虐待を発見している。高齢者虐待は増加していると考える人が63.0%であった。民生委員の今後の活動では、虐待の研修や普及活動が必要であると答えた人が、それぞれ、68.2%、66.5%であり、民生委員として高齢者虐待防止の活動に対する積極性がうかがえた。虐待の通報先では、市町村や地域包括センターなど公的機関と答えた人が64.5%であった。虐待のイメージに関しては身体的暴力が83.4%の人が虐待と感じており、暴言は78.6%、無視、世話放棄は、約70%の人が虐待と認知していた。高齢者虐待の要因は介護負担、家族関係によるものが約80%であった。民生委員法の改正に伴う民生委員の「名士」的な役割から抜け出し、住民との対等な立場で地域の福祉に積極的に関わる民生委員の活動について言及している。今後の民生委員の積極的な関わりが期待できるアンケート結果であった

高齢者に対する家庭内虐待の発生メカニズムに関する研究

本研究は、虐待発生のメカニズムは重層的であり、極めて複雑な要因の絡み合いであるというこの問題の捉え方の大枠を提起し、二つの調査結果、(一つは筆者が 2012年に実施した、家庭内における高齢者虐待の実態に関する調査研究)から得られたデータに基づいて、虐待発生のメカ二ズムについて具体的な考察を述べた。虐待の発生メカ二ズムは、(1)虐待者の側だけの要因で発生率の高い身体的虐待は、介護者が息子か夫である。要介護者と常時接触しており、介護に対する知識や情報が不足している。介護協力者も相談相手もいなく、要介護者との過去の軋轢が介護疲れを増幅している。(2)高齢者側の要因で発生率の高い場合、身体的虐待は、要介護度の高い後期女性高齢者で、介護者と過去に軋轢があり、子どもの家族と同居している生活困窮者である。(3)虐待者、高齢者双方の要因により、虐待発生率の高い身体的虐待については、介護者である息子や夫が、要介護度の高い後期女性高齢者に対して、介護に対する知識や情報が不足し、介護協力者も相談相手もいない場合については、過去に軋轢があり、それが介護疲れを増幅させている。高齢者に対する虐待が、在宅介護であり、家族介護である場合が圧倒的に多い。虐待発生の場である家族について、家族研究の成果を援用することが必要であり、今後はこれらのことを十二分に踏まえて、より研究の精度を高め、社会的に有用な研究成果を公表していきたい

高齢者虐待の要因についての研究

金城学院大学2014年

高齢者に対するイメージと行為の発達的変化の研究 : 小学生・中学生・高校生の高齢者に対する意識の調査から

本研究では、第一段階の調査として、小・中・高校生の高齢者に対する行為およびイメージに関する質問紙を作成し、妥当性を検討するため因子分析を行った上で群間の比較を行うことを目的とする。さらに、この研究を基盤として発達段階に応じた高齢者に対するイメージや行為などに影響を与える要因の検討に繋げていくことである。調査の項目は、「高齢者に対する行為」15項目 4 段階評定)と「高齢者に対するイメージ」(SD法 19形容語対 5 段階評定)である。分析の対象は、P市の小学校の3 - 6 年生182名、中学校1 - 3 年生271名、高等学校の1 - 3 年生230名である。結果は、因子分析を行ったところ、高齢者に対する行為は、「怒る」「無視・いやみ」「子ども扱い」「声掛け・手助け」の4 因子が抽出された。高齢者に対する行為における発達的変化は、「子ども扱い」を除き、小学生でやや否定的であったことが、年齢が上がるとともに肯定的になることが明らかとなった。次に、高齢者に対するイメージは、「暖かい」「「元気・壮健」「きちんとした・良い」「美しい・きれい」の4因子が抽出された。高齢者イメージに対する発達的変化では、「嬉しい」「すばらしい」「話しやすい」「正しい」などの温和性(内面)を表す「暖かい・優しい」を除き、年齢差による違いが明らかに示された

Evaluation of PermaNet 3.0 a deltamethrin-PBO combination net against Anopheles gambiae and pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: an experimental hut trial in Tanzania

BACKGROUND: Combination mosquito nets incorporating two unrelated insecticides or insecticide plus synergist are designed to control insecticide resistant mosquitoes. PermaNet 3.0 is a long-lasting combination net incorporating deltamethrin on the side panels and a mixture of deltamethrin and synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the top panel. PBO is an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases implicated in pyrethroid resistance. METHOD: An experimental hut trial comparing PermaNet 3.0, PermaNet 2.0 and a conventional deltamethrin-treated net was conducted in NE Tanzania using standard WHOPES procedures. The PermaNet arms included unwashed nets and nets washed 20 times. PermaNet 2.0 is a long-lasting insecticidal net incorporating deltamethrin as a single active. RESULTS: Against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to unwashed PermaNet 2.0 in terms of mortality (95% killed), but showed differences in blood-feeding rate (3% blood-fed with PermaNet 3.0 versus 10% with PermaNet 2.0). After 20 washes the two products showed no difference in feeding rate (10% with 3.0 and 9% with 2.0) but showed small differences in mortality (95% with 3.0 and 87% with 2.0). Against pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus, mediated by elevated oxidase and kdr mechanisms, the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 killed 48% and PermaNet 2.0 killed 32% but after 20 washes there was no significant difference in mortality between the two products (32% killed by 3.0 and 30% by 2.0). For protecting against Culex PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to PermaNet 2.0 when either unwashed or after 20 washes; both products were highly protective against biting. Laboratory tunnel bioassays confirmed the loss of biological activity of the PBO/deltamethrin-treated panel after washing. CONCLUSION: Both PermaNet products were highly effective against susceptible Anopheles gambiae. As a long-lasting net to control or protect against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes PermaNet 3.0 showed limited improvement over PermaNet 2.0 against Culex quinquefasciatus