Colletotrichum : New pathogen in walnut orchards. Caracterization of the fungus and research on control methods

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Colletotrichum en verger de noyers - Avancées des travaux sur ce pathogène complexe

National audienceDepuis 2011, les vergers de noyers du Sud-Est de la France, principalement, sont touchés par un nouveau pathogène : le Colletotrichum. Ce champignon, qui provoque une nécrose du brou, peut entraîner une chute précoce du fruit. Les pertes de rendement peuvent atteindre 70 % certaines années. Des travaux ont donc été mis en place avec différents partenaires afin de mieux comprendre son épidémiologie. Une analyse de la flore fongique des bourgeons dormants a permis d’identifier les principales espèces de Colletotrichum impliquées. L’amélioration des connaissances sur le pathogène fait partie des travaux en cours ainsi que la recherche de méthodes de lutte efficaces. De nombreux fongicides sont testés in vitro et sur fruits détachés. Des essais terrain sont aussi réalisés pour évaluer leur efficacité et tester des méthodes prophylactiques

Combined Metabarcoding and Multi-locus approach for Genetic characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with common walnut (Juglans regia) anthracnose in France

International audienceJuglans regia (walnut) is a species belonging to the family Juglandaceae. Broadly spread in diverse temperate and subtropical regions, walnut is primarily cultivated for its nuts. In France, Colletotrichum sp. on walnut was detected for the first time in 2007; in 2011 the disease led to 50–70% losses in nut production. A combined approach of metabarcoding analysis and multi-locus genetic characterization of isolated strains has been used for taxonomic designation and to study the genetic variability of this pathogen in France. Evidence indicates that four Colletotrichum species are associated with walnut in France: 3 belong to the C. acutatum species complex and 1 to the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Results also show that C. godetiae is the most abundant species followed by C. fioriniae; while C. nymphaeae and another Colletotrichum sp. belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex are found rarely. Representative isolates of detected species were also used to confirm pathogenicity on walnut fruits. The results show a high variability of lesion’s dimensions among isolates tested. This study highlights the genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity of Colletotrichum species associated with walnut anthracnose in France providing useful information for targeted treatments or selection of resistant cultivars, in order to better control the disease

Une campagne de mesures sur le climat urbain et la qualité de l'air de la région parisienne

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Empreintes de l'Homme: Musée de Lodève

National audienceThe catalogue for the permanent exhibition at Musée de Lodève (Hérault, France) presents six hundred archaeological objects from the Languedoc (South of France). Emblematic of the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, these vases, flint tools, bones and copper objects bear witness to an activity (agricultural, domestic, funerary, symbolic) or a skill, but above all they tell stories. With over three hundred illustrations showing not only the objects themselves but also the sites from which they came, animated reconstructions of the life of human societies of the past, and contributions from numerous archaeologists on current research, this book offers an accessible overview of regional prehistory.Le catalogue de l'exposition permanente du musée de Lodève présente six cents objets archéologiques du Languedoc. Emblématiques du Paléolithique et du Néolithique, ces vases, outils en silex, ossements, objets en cuivre témoignent d'une activité (agricole, domestique, funéraire, symbolique) ou d'un savoir-faire, mais surtout, ils racontent des histoires. Avec plus de trois cents illustrations montrant non seulement les objets mais aussi leurs sites de provenance, des reconstitutions animées de la vie des sociétés humaines du passé, et réunissant des contributions de nombreux archéologues sur l'actualité de la recherche, cet ouvrage offre une synthèse accessible de la Préhistoire régionale

Rapid Improvement after Starting Elexacaftor–Tezacaftor–Ivacaftor in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Advanced Pulmonary Disease

International audienceRationale: Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor is a CFTR (cystic fibrosis [CF] transmembrane conductance regulator) modulator combination, developed for patients with CF with at least one Phe508del mutation. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of elexacaftor-tezacaftor- ivacaftor in patients with CF and advanced respiratory disease. Methods: A prospective observational study, including all patients aged ⩾12 years and with a percent-predicted FEV1 (ppFEV1) <40 who initiated elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor from December 2019 to August 2020 in France was conducted. Clinical characteristics were collected at initiation and at 1 and 3 months. Safety and effectiveness were evaluated by September 2020. National-level transplantation and mortality figures for 2020 were obtained from the French CF and transplant centers and registries. Measurements and Main Results: Elexacaftor-tezacaftor- ivacaftor was initiated in 245 patients with a median (interquartile range) ppFEV1 = 29 (24-34). The mean (95% confidence interval) absolute increase in the ppFEV1 was +15.1 (+13.8 to +16.4; P < 0.0001), and the mean (95% confidence interval) in weight was +4.2 kg (+3.9 to +4.6; P < 0.0001). The number of patients requiring long-term oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and/or enteral tube feeding decreased by 50%, 30%, and 50%, respectively (P < 0.01). Although 16 patients were on the transplant waiting list and 37 were undergoing transplantation evaluation at treatment initiation, only 2 received a transplant, and 1 died. By September 2020, only five patients were still on the transplantation path. Compared with the previous 2 years, a twofold decrease in the number of lung transplantations in patients with CF was observed in 2020, whereas the number of deaths without transplantation remained stable. Conclusions: In patients with advanced disease, elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor is associated with rapid clinical improvement, often leading to the indication for lung transplantation being suspended