Investigation of the anti-wear characteristics of palm oil methyl ester using a four-ball tribometer test

The aim of this study was to assess the anti-wear characteristics of palm oil methyl ester (POME) in elastohydrodynamic lubrication of EN31 steel ball bearings. A conventional four-ball wear testing machine with different loads was used at 1500 rev miny1 and a test duration of 1 min at ambient room temperature (approximately 28 8C). Optical microscopy of wear worn surfaces revealed the wear mode of mating surfaces. The results provide an nderstanding of the wear characteristics of ball bearings under POME contaminated lubricants. It was found that POME worked as an additive and improved the anti-wear characteristics. The flash temperature parameter (FTP) of the lubricant after each test was also measured

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation from rice husk in Malaysia

AbstractThis paper evaluated the life cycle analysis (LCA) of electricity derived from rice husk combustion in the Malaysia rice mills. Due to environment and security constraint cause by fossil fuel, biomass like rice husk becomes an attractive solution to look at. However, the environment profile of the electricity production from rice husk must be assessed to ensure it environment safety. The unit processes that make up the system are the paddy production, transportation to the rice mill, rice mill processing and combustion of rice husk to generate electricity. This study used functional unit as, 1.5MWh of electricity generating at the energy plant. The result show transportation contributes more to climate change compare to other process. Then, the characterized data from rice huskderived electricity is compared with coal and natural gas derived electricity. The results indicate the performance of rice husk derived-electricity is better in the aspect of environment impact parameters

Hubungan tahap pelaksanaan solat fardu dan kecerdasan emosi dalam kalangan pelajar di daerah Johor Bahru

This research was conducted to study the implimentation of the obligatory prayers which associated with the stability of students’ emotional intelligence. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship of performing obligatory prayers with emotional intelligence among form 1 KAA students in secondary schools in district of Johor Bahru. A total of 174 form 1 KAA students from seven different secondary schools in religious stream classes were chosen to be the respondents of this research by using a purposive sampling. This research was conducted by using quantitative methodology which utilized questionnaires as data collection methods. Then, the data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The descriptive statistics analyzed percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the distribution. The Alpha Cronbach coefficient for the prayers’ frequencies questionnaires is 0.8 degree; meanwhile the level of emotional intelligence is 0.7. The study found that the level of implementation obligatory prayers among respondents is moderate with a mean of 3.66. The study of the level of emotional intelligence which is divided into four constructs which are (1) the assessment of the level of emotional self or others is high with a mean of 3.74, (2) the level of expression of emotion is high with the mean value of 4.02, (3) the level of emotional self-regulation and the other was high with a mean for the students is 3.89 and (4) the level of emotions in problem solving is also high with the mean is 3.94. The results show that there was no significant difference between the level of implementation between the genders, locations, socio-economic levels, the sequence of siblings and the verses of al-Quran recited in the prayer. In addition, the study shows that there was no significant difference between emotional intelligence and gender, zone, socio-economic level, the sequence of siblings and the level of recitation of al-Quran except with the construct of emotional self-assessment or other person with gender. The results show that there was a significant relationship between the levels of implementation of the obligatory prayers with emotional intelligence which was at minimal rate

The effect of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand on the properties of the concrete

The natural sand which excavated from river bed is used to produced conventional concrete. Depletion of natural sand cause the environmental problem and hence sand excavating is restricted by the government which resulted in shortage and drastically increase in its cost. In order to fulfill the necessity of fine aggregates, an alternative material like M sand can be used in concrete. M sand is obtained by crushing the rocks. In this paper, conventional mix 1:2.32:2.82 (M20) with water to binder ratio is maintained as 0.55 was used in this present study. Here the River Sand is partially and fully replaced with M Sand with different percentages like 0%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 100%. Fresh and hard concrete properties were studied with natural sand substitute by M-Sand. Properties of concrete in fresh state such as workability and in hardened state such as compression test, split tensile test and flexural test were considered in this study

Techno-economics Analysis of Biodiesel Production From Palm, Jatropha Curcas and Calophyllum Inophyllum as Biofuel

Transportation sector has a dominant role in global fuel consumption andgreenhouse gas emissions consequently. Biodiesel is a renewable energy that has great potential to serve as an alternative fuel to fossil diesel in diesel engine. Besides the technical barriers, there are several nontechnical limiting factors, which impede the development of biodiesel. Therefore, this study is focused on biodiesel production and techno-economic comparison among palm, jatropha curcas and calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel as transportation fuel. Moreover, the present study attempts to find out the impact of biodiesel implementation towards the energy scenario, environmental and economy. The largest economic factor for biodiesel production is feedstock cost. Furthermore, replacing 5% of diesel fuel with biodiesel fuel in road transport can reduce theCO2 emission up to 1200 ktons in year 2031. When the subsidy policy and tax exemption are implemented, biodiesel fuel is more competitive than fossil diesel at the current production costs. Therefore, this study serves as a guideline for further investigation on biodiesel production and other limitation factors before the wider utilization of biodiesel can be implemented

Why did electronic B2B marketplaces fail?

Dynamometer tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance, emissions and wear characteristics of an indirect injection diesel engine when fuelled by 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per cent blends of ordinary coconut oil (COCO) with ordinary diesel fuel (OD). The test was conducted for 100 h using each of the test fuels to monitor the eVect of COCO blends on the wear and lubricating oil performance. OD fuel was also used for comparison purposes. The operating performance of the engine and the emission characteristics of exhaust gases were compared. The eVect of blended fuel on the engine’s wear and lubrication characteristics in terms of wear metal (Fe), water concentration, oxidation, viscosity, total base number and additive depletion was analysed. The performance and emissions characteristics results showed that 10–30 per cent coconut oil blends produced slightly higher performance in terms of brake power than OD. All the COCO blends produced lower exhaust emissions including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter. The wear and lubrication oil characteristics results showed that COCO blends up to 30 per cent produced similar results to OD. This programme will give useful information for further research and development in the future if COCO is used as an alternative to OD

The potential biodiesel production from Cerbera odollam oil (Bintaro) in Aceh

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018. Biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oils is an effective way to conquer the linked problems with edible oils such as food versus fuel and other environmental impacts. Cerbera odollam oil is one of these possible non-edible feed stocks for future biodiesel production. This study evaluated the potential biodiesel production from cerbera odollam. The seed was collected and extracted from Aceh, Indonesia. Moreover, biodiesel has been produced using degummed (H3PO4) and two step acid catalyst (HCl) and alkaline catalyst (KOH). The results of properties of the cerbera odollam methyl esters show that such as viscosity was about 847.9 mm2/s, density was 3.1578 kg/m3, flash point was 214.0°C, acid value was 0.4 mg KOH/g, oxidation stability was 6.35 h, FAME content was 97.77 % w/w and heating value was 40.49 MJ/kg. After analysing these properties, it has been found that there is a huge chance to produce biodiesel from this seed which complies with the limits of ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 specifications and therefore it can boost the future production of biodiesel from non-edible sources

Different methods of grading or rating refrigerator freezers

As refrigerator-freezers are one of the major energy consuming appliances in the household environment, a great deal of attention has been paid to improve their efficiency throughout the world. In order to reduce their energy consumption, cost effective policy and strategies, such as energy efficiency standards and labels are in place for a number of countries and several other countries are in the processes of establishing these strategies. To attain standards and labels, an appliance grading or rating system must be established to demonstrate the products performance in the most comprehensive way. The grading or rating system provides a clear idea to consumers about the products’ energy performance. This paper mainly focuses on different ways of grading or rating household refrigerator-freezers using current data in Malaysia