Negative Regulation of NKG2D Expression by IL-4 in Memory CD8 T Cells

International audienceIL-4 is one of the main cytokines produced during Th2-inducing pathologies. This cytokine has been shown to affect a number of immune processes such as Th differentiation and innate immune responses. However, the impact of IL-4 on CD8 T cell responses remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effects of IL-4 on global gene expression profiles of Ag-induced memory CD8 T cells in the mouse. Gene ontology analysis of this signature revealed that IL-4 regulated most importantly genes associated with immune responses. Moreover, this IL-4 signature overlapped with the set of genes preferentially expressed by memory CD8 T cells over naive CD8 T cells. In particular, IL-4 downregulated in vitro and in vivo in a STAT6-dependent manner the memory-specific expression of NKG2D, thereby increasing the activation threshold of memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, IL-4 impaired activation of memory cells as well as their differentiation into effector cells. This phenomenon could have an important clinical relevance as patients affected by Th2 pathologies such as parasitic infections or atopic dermatitis often suffer from viral-induced complications possibly linked to inefficient CD8 T cell responses

Model-Based Assessment of the Role of Uneven Partitioning of Molecular Content on Heterogeneity and Regulation of Differentiation in CD8 T-Cell Immune Responses

Activation of naive CD8 T-cells can lead to the generation of multiple effector and memory subsets. Multiple parameters associated with activation conditions are involved in generating this diversity that is associated with heterogeneous molecular contents of activated cells. Although naive cell polarisation upon antigenic stimulation and the resulting asymmetric division are known to be a major source of heterogeneity and cell fate regulation, the consequences of stochastic uneven partitioning of molecular content upon subsequent divisions remain unclear yet. Here we aim at studying the impact of uneven partitioning on molecular-content heterogeneity and then on the immune response dynamics at the cellular level. To do so, we introduce a multiscale mathematical model of the CD8 T-cell immune response in the lymph node. In the model, cells are described as agents evolving and interacting in a 2D environment while a set of differential equations, embedded in each cell, models the regulation of intra and extracellular proteins involved in cell differentiation. Based on the analysis of in silico data at the single cell level, we show that immune response dynamics can be explained by the molecular-content heterogeneity generated by uneven partitioning at cell division. In particular, uneven partitioning acts as a regulator of cell differentiation and induces the emergence of two coexisting sub-populations of cells exhibiting antagonistic fates. We show that the degree of unevenness of molecular partitioning, along all cell divisions, affects the outcome of the immune response and can promote the generation of memory cells

The XC chemokine receptor 1 is a conserved selective marker of mammalian cells homologous to mouse CD8α+ dendritic cells

Human BDCA3+ dendritic cells (DCs) were suggested to be homologous to mouse CD8α+ DCs. We demonstrate that human BDCA3+ DCs are more efficient than their BDCA1+ counterparts or plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in cross-presenting antigen and activating CD8+ T cells, which is similar to mouse CD8α+ DCs as compared with CD11b+ DCs or pDCs, although with more moderate differences between human DC subsets. Yet, no specific marker was known to be shared between homologous DC subsets across species. We found that XC chemokine receptor 1 (XCR1) is specifically expressed and active in mouse CD8α+, human BDCA3+, and sheep CD26+ DCs and is conserved across species. The mRNA encoding the XCR1 ligand chemokine (C motif) ligand 1 (XCL1) is selectively expressed in natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T lymphocytes at steady-state and is enhanced upon activation. Moreover, the Xcl1 mRNA is selectively expressed at high levels in central memory compared with naive CD8+ T lymphocytes. Finally, XCR1−/− mice have decreased early CD8+ T cell responses to Listeria monocytogenes infection, which is associated with higher bacterial loads early in infection. Therefore, XCR1 constitutes the first conserved specific marker for cell subsets homologous to mouse CD8α+ DCs in higher vertebrates and promotes their ability to activate early CD8+ T cell defenses against an intracellular pathogenic bacteria

La cascade idiotypique et le polymorphisme des gènes d'immunoglobuline

Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Generation and characterization of memory CD8 lymphocites

LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modulation des fonctions des lymphocytes T CD8 par l'Interleukine-4 et les cytokines de la famille gc

Les Lymphocytes T CD8 (LT CD8) sont des cellules du système immunitaire capables de reconnaître et de détruire des cellules infectées ou tumorales. De plus, les LT CD8 mémoires générés suite à une première rencontre avec un agent pathogène confèrent à l organisme une protection efficace contre une réinfection. Cela a pour origine une modification des capacités effectrices et migratoires des LT CD8 mémoires par rapport aux LT CD8 naïfs. Ces fonctions améliorées des LT CD8 mémoires peuvent être régulées : des travaux préalables réalisés au sein de l équipe ont montré que l Interleukine-4 (IL-4), une cytokine sécrétée lors des réponses allergiques ou contre des pathogènes extracellulaires, inhibe certaines propriétés des cellules mémoires comme la sécrétion rapide de CCL5. Les effets de l IL-4 sur les fonctions des LT CD8 mémoires sont cependant mal caractérisés : l objectif de cette thèse a été de les identifier plus précisément. En utilisant une approche par micro-array, nous avons identifié une signature de gènes régulés par l IL-4 dans les LT CD8 mémoires et montré que cette cytokine modifie l expression de gènes impliqués dans la prolifération, la migration, et les fonctions effectrices des LT CD8 mémoires. Nous avons montré que l IL-4 inhibe l expression du récepteur de costimulation NKG2D à la surface des LT CD8 mémoires in vivo, s accompagnant d une diminution du signal costimulateur délivré par l engagement de NKG2D. Nous avons également montré que la présence de certaines cytokines gc telles que l IL-4 ou l IL-21 lors de l activation cellulaire affecte fortement les fonctions des LT CD8 effecteurs générés ainsi que leur différenciation en cellules mémoires.Immunological memory is characterized by a secondary response that is faster and stronger than the primary response. For CD8 T cells this results from an increase frequency of antigen specific cells that display an improved response as compared to naïve cells. Memory CD8 T cells also display a new pattern of surface molecules that is associated with modified homing or activation properties. gc cytokines are known to affect both CD8 T cells functions and survival. Indeed, IL-4, a gc cytokine involved in Th2 responses induced in response to parasitic infections or allergies has been shown to reduce both IFNg secretion and cytotoxicity of CD8 T lymphocytes. In the lab, we have demonstrated that IL-4 down-regulates ccl5 mRNA stores by inhibiting ccl5 transcription via a STAT6-dependent pathway. However, effects of IL-4 on CD8 T cells biology remain largely unknown. To identify such effects, we realised a microarray study that allowed us to identify the signature of genes affected by IL-4 in memory CD8 T cells. Among this signature, we identified genes involved in several functions of CD8 T cells, such as proliferation, migration, and effector functions. We then confirmed both in vitro and in vivo that NKG2D, a member of the NK receptors family involved in the modulation of the activation threshold of memory CD8 T cells, is down-regulated by IL-4, inhibiting NKG2D-dependant costimulation of memory CD8 T cells. Finally, we found that gc cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-21 affect the effector capacities of in vitro activated CD8 T Cells, as well as the differentiation of activated cells into memory cells.LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Étude des mécanismes moléculaires responsables de la mémorisation de CCL5 par les lymphocytes T CD8

LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF