Vurderingsforskriftens inntreden i norsk skole : bruker naturfaglærere vurdering bevisst som et virkemiddel for å fremme læring i naturfag?

Nyere forskning har vist at vurdering er et viktig virkemiddel for å fremme læring. Som følge av dette har Utdanningsdirektoratet lagt føringer for en ny lærings- og vurderingskultur i norsk skole, som er tydeliggjort i Vurderingsforskriften som kom i 2010. I løpet av de siste årene er det fra sentralt hold satset mye ved hjelp av forskrifter, skriftlig informasjon, veiledere og etterutdanningskurs for lærere, for å få implementert den nye Vurderingsforskriften i skolen. Hensikten med denne studien er å belyse hvilke tanker og refleksjoner noen naturfaglærere har rundt sin egen vurderingspraksis og, hvor langt de er kommet i implementeringen av den nye vurderingsreformen. Det er en kvalitativ fenomenologisk studie der fire naturfaglærere er dybdeintervjuet. Alle informantene hadde formell kompetanse i naturfag, og de hadde lang erfaring som naturfaglærere i skolen. Slemmen har med sine 10 veiledende prinsipper for “vurdering for læring”, konkretisert hvordan man kan implementere “vurdering for læring” i det praktiske arbeidet i klasserommet. Derfor ble de fire naturfaglærernes utsagn om sin vurderingspraksis tolket opp mot disse. Min konklusjon er at disse fire naturfaglærerne ikke bevisst tenker på vurdering som et virkemiddel for å fremme læring i naturfag. Intuitivt nevner de ikke “vurdering for læring” som et sentralt læringsfremmende redskap. Ut fra deres utsagn blir de tolket til å praktisere omtrent halvparten av Slemmens 10 veiledende prinsipper for “vurdering for læring”, dog i varierende grad. Der er ganske store forskjeller mellom de fire naturfaglærerne når det gjelder beskrivelser av sine vurderingspraksiser. Ut fra deres utsagn så virker det også som om disse fire naturfaglærerne har lite bevissthet og refleksjoner om hvorvidt deres tilbakemeldinger fremmer læring hos elevene eller ikke. Den største utfordringen ser ut til å være det å gi elevene mulighet til å få eierskap over sin egen læring, det vil si lære dem å vurdere eget arbeid og justere sin egen læreprosess. Der ser også ut til å være utfordringer når det gjelder å tilpasse videre opplæring ut i fra den informasjonen man har om elevens ståsted, altså fremovermeldinger

Hvordan vurderer og argumenterer elever på VG 1 nivå i vgs når de skal ta stilling til en kontrovers innen temaet ernæring og helse

Hensikten med denne oppgaven var å belyse hvordan elevene begrunner sitt standpunkt rundt en kontrovers innen kosthold og helse. For å finne svar på forskningsspørsmålet, har jeg designet en spørreundersøkelse for elever der de skal ta stilling til kontroversen: ”Kan barn og ungdom spise lavkarbomat ”? Denne undersøkelsen viser at elevene ikke vurderer eller argumenterer etter naturvitenskapelige kriterier. De velger heller å vurdere og argumentere ut fra kontekstuelle faktorer, pålitelighetsfaktorer eller de gir opp å vurdere den naturfaglige kontroversen. Mangel på slike ferdigheter kan gjøre dem dårlig rustet til å møte de massive ernærings- og helsepåstander i dagens mediedebatt, og kan også gjøre dem sårbare for manipulering. Hvis vi ønsker at dagens unge skal ta sine avgjørelser på bakgrunn av dokumenterte vitenskapelige kriterier, må vi også gjøre dem i stand til det. Uten en slik allmenndannelse kan det bli vanskelig for dagens elever å evaluere den helseinformasjonen som de får, og derav ta kvalifiserte valg når det gjelder egen kropp og helse

A longitudinal study of associations between psychiatric symptoms and disorders and cerebral gray matter volumes in adolescents born very preterm

Background:Being born preterm with very low birthweight (VLBW≤1500 g) poses a risk for cortical andsubcortical gray matter (GM) abnormalities, as well as for having more psychiatric problems during childhood andadolescence than term-born individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between corticaland subcortical GM volumes and the course of psychiatric disorders during adolescence in VLBW individuals.Methods:We followed VLBW individuals and term-born controls (birth weight≥10th percentile) from 15 (VLBW;controlsn=40;56)to19(n= 44;60) years of age. Of these, 30;37 individuals were examined longitudinally. Cortical andsubcortical GM volumes were extracted from MRPRAGE images obtained with the same 1.5 T MRI scanner at both timepoints and analyzed at each time point with the longitudinal stream of the FreeSurfer software package 5.3.0. Allparticipants underwent clinical interviews and were assessed for psychiatric symptoms and diagnosis (Schedule forAffective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children, Children’s Global Assessment Scale, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV). VLBW adolescents were divided into two groups according to diagnostic statusfrom 15 to 19 years of age: persisting/developing psychiatric diagnosis or healthy/becoming healthy.Results:Reduction in subcortical GM volume at 15 and 19 years, not including the thalamus, was limited to VLBWadolescents with persisting/developing diagnosis during adolescence, whereas VLBW adolescents in the healthy/becoming healthy group had similar subcortical GM volumes to controls. Moreover, across the entire VLBW group,poorer psychosocial functioning was predicted by smaller subcortical GM volumes at both time points and withreduced GM volume in the thalamus and the parietal and occipital cortex at 15 years. Inattention problems werepredicted by smaller GM volumes in the parietal and occipital cortex.Conclusions:GM volume reductions in the parietal and occipital cortex as well as smaller thalamic and subcortical GMvolumes were associated with the higher rates of psychiatric symptoms found across the entire VLBW group.Significantly smaller subcortical GM volumes in VLBW individuals compared with term-born peers might pose a risk fordeveloping and maintaining psychiatric diagnoses during adolescence. Future research should explore the possiblerole of reduced cortical and subcortical GM volumes in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness in VLBW adolescents

Is vaginal breech delivery associated with higher risk for perinatal death and cerebral palsy compared with vaginal cephalic birth? Registry-based cohort study in Norway

Objective: This paper aims to study if vaginal breech delivery is associated with increased risk for neonatal mortality (NNM) or cerebral palsy (CP) in Norway where vaginal delivery accounts for 1/3 of all breech deliveries. Design: Cohort study using information from the national Medical BirthRegister and Cerebral Palsy Register. Setting: Births in Norway 1999–2009. Participants: 520 047 term-born singletons without congenital malformations. Main outcome measures: NNM, CP and a composite outcome of these and death during birth. Results: Compared with cephalic births, breech births had substantially increased risk for NNM but not for CP. Vaginal delivery was planned for 7917 of 16 700 fetuses in breech, while 5561 actually delivered vaginally. Among these, NNM was 0.9 per 1000 compared with 0.3 per 1000 in vaginal cephalic delivery, and 0.8 per 1000 in those actually born by caesarean delivery (CD) in breech. Compared with planned cephalic delivery, planned vaginal delivery was associated with excess risk for NNM (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.9), while the OR associated with planned breech CD was 1.6 (95% CI 0.7 to 3.7). These risks were attenuated when NNM was substituted by the composite outcome. Vaginal breech delivery was not associated with excess risk for CP compared with vaginal cephalic delivery. Conclusion: Vaginal breech delivery, regardless of whether planned or actual, and actual breech CD were associated with excess risk for NNM compared with vaginal cephalic delivery, but not with CP. The risk for NNM and CP in planned breech CD did not differ significantly from planned vaginal cephalic delivery. However, the absolute risk for these outcomes was low, and taking into consideration potential long-term adverse consequences of CD for the child and later deliveries, we therefore conclude that vaginal breech delivery may be recommended, provided competent obstetric care and strict criteria for selection to vaginal delivery

ISOLASI SILIKA (SiO ) DARI AMPAS TEBU (BA GA SSE) SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR NATRIUM SILIKAT (Na 2 2 SiO ) UNTUK INHIBITOR KOROSI PADA BESI 3

Sintesis senyawa natrium silikat (Na 2 SiO ) sebagai inhibitor telah berhasil dilakukan menggunakan silika (SiO 2 3 ) yang berasal dari ampas tebu sebagai precursor. Silika dipisahkan menggunakan metode isolasi. Metode yang digunakan pada penentuan laju korosi ialah kehilangan berat. Senyawa natrium silikat dapat menghambat laju korosi dengan efisiensi inhibisi sebesar 59,58% pada medium asam klorida (HCl), 43,86% pada medium air laboratorium kimia FMIPA dan 63,53% pada medium garam. Kata Kunci : Natural silika, bagasse, besi, inhibitor, mediu

In utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, micro-RNA profiles, and fetal growth: a pilot study protocol.

Background: The developing fetus is particularly vulnerable to the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Molecular fingerprints of EDCs can be identified via microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and may be etiologically implicated in the developmental origin of disease (DOHaD). Methods/design: This pilot study includes pregnant women at high risk (smoking at conception), and low risk (non-smoking at conception) for SGA birth (birthweight<10th percentile for gestational age). We have randomly selected 12 mothers (3 high-risk SGA birth, 3 low-risk SGA birth, 3 high-risk non-SGA birth, 3 low-risk non-SGA birth), with EDC measurements from gestational week 17. All offspring are female. We aim to test the stability of our samples (maternal serum, cord blood, placenta tissue), observe the differential expression of miRNA profiles over time (gestational weeks 17, 25, 33, 37, birth), and study the consistency between maternal EDC measures and miRNA expression profiles across our repeated measures. Expected impact of the study for Public Health: Results from this pilot study will inform the development of a larger cohort wide analysis, and will impact the current state of knowledge in the fields of public health, epigenetics, and the DOHaD

MOESM1 of Mental health and cerebellar volume during adolescence in very-low-birth-weight infants: a longitudinal study

Additional file 1: Appendix S1. Mixed model linear regressions with psychiatric data as dependent variable and cerebellar volumes (ml) and time as independent variables in the VLBW group. Adjusted for age, gender and estimated intracranial volume, but not for IQ

In utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, micro-RNA profiles, and fetal growth: a pilot study protocol

Background: The developing fetus is particularly vulnerable to the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Molecular fingerprints of EDCs can be identified via microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and may be etiologically implicated in the developmental origin of disease (DOHaD). Methods/design: This pilot study includes pregnant women at high risk (smoking at conception), and low risk (non-smoking at conception) for SGA birth (birthweight<10th percentile for gestational age). We have randomly selected 12 mothers (3 high-risk SGA birth, 3 low-risk SGA birth, 3 high-risk non-SGA birth, 3 low-risk non-SGA birth), with EDC measurements from gestational week 17. All offspring are female. We aim to test the stability of our samples (maternal serum, cord blood, placenta tissue), observe the differential expression of miRNA profiles over time (gestational weeks 17, 25, 33, 37, birth), and study the consistency between maternal EDC measures and miRNA expression profiles across our repeated measures. Expected impact of the study for Public Health: Results from this pilot study will inform the development of a larger cohort wide analysis, and will impact the current state of knowledge in the fields of public health, epigenetics, and the DOHaD