Montagem De Comunidades: Conceitos, Domínio E Estrutura Teórica

Community assembly refers to any ecological process that operates to select species from a regional pool and put them together in local communities. Initially, Diamond (1975) proposed a community assembly model based on rules explaining the checkerboard distribution of co-occurring bird species in New Guinea archipelago. By that time, the assembly rules proposed interspecific competition as the only plausible explanation for the patterns observed. However, the lack of testable predictions, inappropriate statistical analyses and, mainly, the absence of alternative hypotheses have represented an obstacle for the theory development. With the introduction of phylogenetic/functional analyses in community studies, a meaningful increase of published papers on community assembly has been noticed, mainly due to the development of models providing more predictive power to assembly processes. Hence, we decided to elaborate a critical review about the conceptual progress in the community assembly theory. We point out that a) the community assembly theory has enhanced its predictive power when it became to be associated with solid statistics; b) the hypothesis test by null models has been reinforced as a consistent data analysis method applied in many studies; and c) the neutral theory has been used as a satisfactory alternative to the coexistence hypothesis by deterministic niche-based processes. However, the community assembly theory is not fully mature yet but has a high potential of near-future development, mainly through the consolidation of its conceptual base. We hope that our review can help in this development by systematizing the community assembly theory and clarifying some misunderstood and/or so-far poorly applied concepts. © 2016, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). All rights reserved.20111

Necessary Optimality Conditions for Higher-Order Infinite Horizon Variational Problems on Time Scales

We obtain Euler-Lagrange and transversality optimality conditions for higher-order infinite horizon variational problems on a time scale. The new necessary optimality conditions improve the classical results both in the continuous and discrete settings: our results seem new and interesting even in the particular cases when the time scale is the set of real numbers or the set of integers.Comment: This is a preprint of a paper whose final and definite form will appear in Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications (JOTA). Paper submitted 17-Nov-2011; revised 24-March-2012 and 10-April-2012; accepted for publication 15-April-201

A demanda de violência infantil atendida em Delegacias da Mulher na região da Grande São Paulo

Muito embora o ano de 2014 comemore os 25 anos da ‘Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança’ pela ONU/Unicef, o problema ainda é preocupante. No Brasil há uma grande incidência de violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo levantar dados sobre a clientela infantil  atendida em um programa de atenção psicológica em delegacias de defesa da mulher da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Dentre os 549 prontuários de atendimentos realizados entre os anos de 2009 até 2013, identificaram-se 47 prontuários de atendimentos de crianças e adolescentes. Deste total 36 prontuários (79%) eram do sexo feminino, a faixa etária esteve entre 2 até 17 anos, com média de 11 anos de idade. As principais queixas foram:   violência sexual (40%) cometidas por familiares ou pessoas próximas; agressão física (em que se usam força física) e verbal (tortura e tratamento degradante; ofensas e bullying) (38%) cometidas em casa ou por vizinhos ou em escolas.  A análise demonstrou um a violência ocorrida no contexto familiar ou em ambientes próximos e freqüentados pela criança e não em locais estranhos a ela.  Salienta-se o limite deste estudo, pois os resultados referem-se a uma pequena amostra que passa por um programa de  apoio psicológico, não representando o total de crianças vitimadas na região

Solution of a two-leg spin ladder system

A model for a spin-1/2 ladder system with two legs is introduced. It is demonstrated that this model is solvable via the Bethe ansatz method for arbitrary values of the rung coupling J. This is achieved by a suitable mapping from the Hubbard model with appropriate twisted boundary conditions. We determine that a phase transition between gapped and gapless spin excitations occurs at the critical value J(c) = 1/2 of the rung coupling

Review of AdS/CFT Integrability, Chapter III.2: Exact world-sheet S-matrix

We review the derivation of the S-matrix for planar N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and type IIB superstring theory on an AdS5xS5 background. After deriving the S-matrix for the su(2) and su(3) sectors at the one-loop level based on coordinate Bethe ansatz, we show how su(2|2) symmetry leads to the exact asymptotic S-matrix up to an overall scalar function. We then briefly review the spectrum of bound states by relating these states to simple poles of the S-matrix. Finally, we review the derivation of the asymptotic Bethe equations, which can be used to determine the asymptotic multiparticle spectrum.Comment: 20 pages, see also overview article arXiv:1012.3982, v2: references to other chapters updated, v3: references added and minor change

Equine infectious anemia : prevalence in working equids of livestock herds, in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Estimaram-se, no estado de Minas Gerais, a prevalência e a distribuição espacial da anemia infecciosa eqüina (AIE) em propriedades com eqüídeos de serviço. As amostras de sangue, de 6540 eqüídeos de 1940 rebanhos foram coletadas no período de setembro de 2003 a março de 2004, nos 853 municípios do estado. Utilizaram-se dois testes de laboratório em seqüência: ELISA, usando-se antígeno recombinante gp90, e imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). As prevalências foram de 5,3% [IC=4,3 a 6,3%] para rebanhos e de 3,1% [IC=2,2 a 3,9%] para animais. O estado de Minas Gerais foi considerado área endêmica para AIE. As mais altas prevalências para rebanhos e para animais foram encontradas na região Norte/Noroeste, seguida pela região Vale do Mucuri/Jequitinhonha. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe prevalence and spatial distribution of equine infectious anemia (EIA) were estimated in livestock herds where equids were used as draft power and for transportation in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Serum samples were collected from September/2003 to March/2004 in 853 municipalities of the state. The sample comprised 6,540 equids from 1,940 herds. Two laboratorial tests were performed in sequence: ELISA using a recombinant gp90 protein, following by the AGID. The prevalence in the herds was estimated in 5.3% [CI = 4.3 to 6.3%], and 3.1% [CI = 2.2 to 3.9%] of the animals tested were positive. Minas Gerais was considered an endemic region for EIA. The highest prevalence for herds and animals was found in North/Northwest region (strata) followed by Vale do Mucuri/Jequitinhonha region

Nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, α-tocoferol, and different concentrations of a vitamin-mineral premix promote growth of Nile tilapia juveniles

ABSTRACT Feed additives, such as β-glucans, nucleotides, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) can improve fish immunity and contribute to enhanced zootechnical performance of the fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of vitamin- mineral premix with or without the inclusion of an immunostimulant boost (β-glucans, nucleotides and vitamins C and E) on the zootechnical performance, hemato-immunological parameters, histological changes, and survival of Nile tilapia juveniles. To this end, isocaloric and isoproteic diets were prepared with three different concentrations of vitamin-mineral premix (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg ton-1); additionally, the effects of 4% immunostimulant boost in the diet were examined considering six diets (without the immunostimulant boost: 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%, and with the immunostimulant boost: 0.1% I, 0.15% I, and 0.2% I). We used 24 experimental units, each including 15 fish. Nile tilapia juveniles (1.88 g±0.25) were fed for 50 d with supplemented diets. Further, zootechnical indexes; histological changes in the liver, spleen, and intestine; intestinal morphology; and hemato-immunological parameters were evaluated. The fish that received supplementation showed higher zootechnical values, compared to those that did not receive the supplementation of immunostimulant reinforcement. Weight gain (30.45g±3.06), daily weight gain (0.60g±0.06), final weight (32.41g±3.15) and feed conversion (0.95±0.06) were higher in tilapia fed with an inclusion concentration of 0.2%. Hematological parameters were not affected by either the pre-mix concentrations or the booster of the immunostimulant. There was an increase in the number of intestinal folds, length of the fold, total area and number of goblet cells in the group supplemented with immunostimulant reinforcement. Supplementation with the immunostimulant promoted growth and improved intestinal morphology and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia juveniles