Management of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita ) in Indiana soybeans

The aim of this project was to evaluate different strategies for management of Root Knot Nematode (RKN) on soybean and tomato in Indiana. Seed treatments were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions, but no effect on RKN populations was observed. Soybean lines evaluated for resistance to RKN under greenhouse conditions showed that six lines may be resistant to RKN. Four different commercial mustard cover crops were evaluated for their bio-fumigant impact on RKN populations in the production of tomato. Euruca sativa, Cv. Nemat was a poor host of RKN. A positive impact on the vigor of the tomato plants followed the incorporation of the cover crops, suggested an increase of soil nutrition with the incorporation of the green manure

Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera para las Pymes : Reconocimineto, medición y tratamiento contable de los beneficios a los empleados según la sección 28 beneficios a los empleados de la NIIF para las Pymes

Nuestro Trabajo de Seminario se elaboró con el propósito de realizar un estudio sobre los Beneficios que tienen los Trabajadores al prestar sus servicios laborales a las empresas, además de la información que nos proporcionan algunas Leyes que rigen el sector laboral y protegen los derechos de los Trabajadores de nuestro país. El contenido del trabajo inicia abordando las Generalidades de los Estándares Internacionales de Información Financiera para las Pymes donde hablamos sobre la Reseña Histórica de la Contabilidad, Concepto de Contabilidad, Principios de Contabilidad Generalmente Aceptados (PCGA), Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad (NIC), Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) y las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera para las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (NIIF para las Pymes). Analizamos e interpretamos Normas y Leyes para el Reconocimiento y Medición de los Beneficios a los. Algunas de estas Leyes fueron la Ley 185 del Código del Trabajo, la Ley 822 de Concertación Tributaria, la Ley Orgánica del Instituto Nacional Tecnológico Inatec del Decreto número 40-94, la Constitución Política de Nicaragua. Las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad y las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera. Luego estudiamos el Tratamiento Contable, Reconocimiento y Medición de la Sección 28 Beneficios a los Empleados en base a las NIIF para las Pymes, presentando de manera explicativa y con ejemplos cada uno de los diferentes tipos de Beneficios, que son Beneficios a Corto Plazo, Post- empleo, Largo Plazo y por Terminación de Contrato. Se concluyó con un Caso Práctico de una empresa Comercial llamada GonzálezMartinez S, A donde se elaboraron los Estados Financieros de la empresa con sus respectivos cálculos de cada Beneficio y el Tratamiento Contable según lo establece la Sección 28 de las NIIF para las Pymes

Formulación de un queso fresco con salsa de albaca (Ocimun basilicum) que permita mejorara su conservación

La presente investigación fue realizada en la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo y tuvo como objetivo principal Formular un queso fresco con salsa de albaca (Ocimum basilicum) que permita mejorar su conservación. La leche se obtuvo de la empresa “Ganadera del Norte”, ubicada en la provincia de Cutervo - Cajamarca. La leche fue caracterizada fisicoquímicamente y, posteriormente se realizó la obtención de queso fresco con diferentes concentraciones de salsa de albaca (10%, 15% y 20%), posteriormente se evaluó sensorialmente los atributos color, olor y sabor, estos resultados se evaluaron estadísticamente encontrándose que el tratamiento 2 fue el mejor; Luego se caracterizó fisicoquímicamente el mejor tratamiento. Finalmente se concluye que la adición de salsa de albaca al queso fresco permite su mayor conservación

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) in the Surgical Wound is Necessary for the Resolution of Postoperative Pain in Mice

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) and its substrates (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] and p38) play an important role in pathophysiological mechanisms of acute postoperative and chronic neuropathic pain in the spinal cord. This study aimed to understand the role of MKP-3 and its target MAPKs at the site of surgical incision in nociceptive behavior. Wild-type (WT) and MKP-3 knockout (KO) mice underwent unilateral plantar hind paw incision. Mechanical allodynia was assessed by using von Frey filaments. Peripheral ERK-1/2 and p38 phosphorylation were measured by Western blot. Cell infiltration was determined using hematoxylin and eosin histological staining. Peripheral phosphorylated ERK-1/2 (p-ERK-1/2) inhibition was performed in MKP-3 KO mice. In WT mice, mechanical hypersensitivity was observed on postoperative day 1 (0.69±0.17 g baseline vs 0.13±0.08 g day 1), which resolved normally by postoperative day 12 (0.46±0.08 g, N=6). In MKP-3 KO mice, this hypersensitivity persisted at least 12 days after surgery (0.19±0.06 g; N=6). KO mice displayed higher numbers of infiltrating cells (51.4±6 cells/0.1 mm2) than WT mice (8.7±1.2 cells/0.1 mm2) on postoperative day 1 (vs 5-6 cells/0.1 mm2 at baseline) that returned to baseline 12 days after surgery (10-12 cells/0.1 mm2). In WT mice, peripheral p-p38 and p-ERK-1/2 expression increased (5- and 3-fold, respectively) on postoperative days 1 and 5, and returned to basal levels 7-12 days after surgery (N=3 per group). Peripheral p-p38 levels in MKP-3 KO mice followed a similar expression pattern as WT mice. Peripheral p-ERK-1/2 levels in MKP-3 KO mice remained elevated 12 days after surgery (2.5-fold, N=3 per group). Administration of PD98059 (MEK inhibitor, N=8, vehicle N=9) reduced p-ERK-1/2 expression in the incised tissue and blocked hypersensitivity in MKP-3 KO mice (N=6). The findings of this study suggest that MKP-3 is pivotal for normal resolution of acute postoperative allodynia, through the regulation of peripheral p-ERK-1/2

Acercamiento a las metodologías activas de aprendizaje: fases para su implementación a través de TIC’s.

The present article has the objective to show the results of a literature systematic review about three learning, active methodologies, based on the PRISMA declaration, forty articles were selected to analyze the categories, as the first moment the review results are shown, as a second moment a proposal for its integration is presented.El presente artículo tiene como obtenido mostrar los resultados de una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre tres metodologías activas de aprendizaje, con base en la declaración PRISMA, fueron seleccionados cuarenta artículos para analizar las categorías, como primer momento se muestran los resultados de la revisión, como se segundo momento, se presenta una propuesta de su integración

Type 2-Diabetes is Associated With Elevated Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and Adiponectin and Low Levels of Leptin in a Population of Mexican American: A Cross-Sectional Study

The goal of the study was to determine the association between diabetes and inflammation in clinically diagnosed diabetes patients. We hypothesized that low-grade inflammation in diabetes is associated with the level of glucose control. Using a cross-sectional design we compared pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a community recruited cohort of 367 Mexican Americans with type 2-diabetes having a wide range blood glucose levels. Cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8) and adipokines (adiponectin, resistin and leptin) were measured using multiplex ELISA. Our data indicated that diabetes as whole was strongly associated with elevated levels of IL-6, leptin, CRP and TNF-α, whereas worsening of glucose control was positively and linearly associated with high levels of IL-6, leptin. The associations remained statistically significant even after controlling for BMI and age (p = 0.01). The association between TNF-α, however, was attenuated when comparisons were performed based on glucose control. Strong interaction effects between age and BMI and diabetes were observed for IL-8, resistin, and CRP. The cytokine/adipokine profiles of Mexican Americans with diabetes suggest an association between low-grade inflammation and quality of glucose control. Unique to in our population is that the chronic inflammation is accompanied by lower levels of leptin

CD32 is expressed on cells with transcriptionally active HIV but does not enrich for HIV DNA in resting T cells

The persistence of HIV reservoirs, including latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells, is the major obstacle to cure HIV infection. CD32a expression was recently reported to mark CD4+ T cells harboring a replication-competent HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We aimed to determine whether CD32 expression marks HIV latently or transcriptionally active infected CD4+ T cells. Using peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue of ART-treated HIV+ or SIV+ subjects, we found that most of the circulating memory CD32+ CD4+ T cells expressed markers of activation, including CD69, HLA-DR, CD25, CD38, and Ki67, and bore a TH2 phenotype as defined by CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR6. CD32 expression did not selectively enrich for HIV- or SIV-infected CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood or lymphoid tissue; isolated CD32+ resting CD4+ T cells accounted for less than 3% of the total HIV DNA in CD4+ T cells. Cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA loads in CD4+ T cells positively correlated with the frequency of CD32+ CD69+ CD4+ T cells but not with CD32 expression on resting CD4+ T cells. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, CD32 coexpression with HIV RNA or p24 was detected after in vitro HIV infection (peripheral blood mononuclear cell and tissue) and in vivo within lymph node tissue from HIV-infected individuals. Together, these results indicate that CD32 is not a marker of resting CD4+ T cells or of enriched HIV DNA–positive cells after ART; rather, CD32 is predominately expressed on a subset of activated CD4+ T cells enriched for transcriptionally active HIV after long-term ART

Impaired Function of Antibodies to Pneumococcal Surface Protein A but not to Capsular Polysaccharide in Mexican American Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The goal of the study was to determine baseline protective titers of antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein A (PspA) and capsular polysaccharide in individuals with and individuals without type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 561 individuals (131 individuals with diabetes and 491 without) were screened for antibodies to PspA using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A subset of participants with antibodies to PspA were retested using a WHO ELISA to determine titers of antibodies to capsular polysaccharide (CPS) (serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F). Functional activity of antibodies was measured by assessing their ability to enhance complement (C3) deposition on pneumococci and promote killing of opsonized pneumococci. Titers of antibodies to protein antigens (PspA) were significantly lower in individuals with diabetes than controls without diabetes (P = 0.01), and antibodies showed a significantly reduced complement deposition ability (P = 0.02). Both antibody titers and complement deposition were negatively associated with hyperglycemia. Conversely, titers of antibodies to capsular polysaccharides were either comparable between the two groups or were significantly higher in individuals with diabetes, as was observed for CPS 14 (P = 0.05). The plasma specimens from individuals with diabetes also demonstrated a higher opsonophagocytic index against CPS serotype 14. Although we demonstrate comparable protective titers of antibodies to CPS in individuals with and individuals without diabetes, those with diabetes had lower PspA titers and poor opsonic activity strongly associated with hyperglycemia. These results suggest a link between diabetes and impairment of antibody response.CCTS 1U54RR023417-01National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD) MD000170 P20Centers for Clinical and Translational Science from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)Cellular and Molecular Biolog

Chemical Composition, Starch Digestibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Tortilla Made with a Blend of Quality Protein Maize and Black Bean

Tortilla and beans are the basic components in the diet of people in the urban and rural areas of Mexico. Quality protein maize is suggested for tortilla preparation because it presents an increase in lysine and tryptophan levels. Beans contain important amounts of dietary fiber. The objective of this study was to prepare tortilla with bean and assesses the chemical composition, starch digestibility and antioxidant capacity using a quality protein maize variety. Tortilla with bean had higher protein, ash, dietary fiber and resistant starch content, and lower digestible starch than control tortilla. The hydrolysis rate (60 to 50%) and the predicted glycemic index (88 to 80) of tortilla decreased with the addition of bean in the blend. Extractable polyphenols and proanthocyanidins were higher in the tortilla with bean than control tortilla. This pattern produced higher antioxidant capacity of tortilla with bean (17.6 μmol Trolox eq/g) than control tortilla (7.8 μmol Trolox eq/g). The addition of bean to tortilla modified the starch digestibility and antioxidant characteristics of tortilla, obtaining a product with nutraceutical characteristics

S-allylmercaptocysteine scavenges hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen in vitro and attenuates gentamicin-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress and renal damage in vivo

BACKGROUND: Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been involved in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of S-allylmercaptocysteine, a garlic derived compound, on gentamicin-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress and nephrotoxicity. In addition, the in vitro reactive oxygen species scavenging properties of S-allylmercaptocysteine were studied. RESULTS: S-allylmercaptocysteine was able to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen in vitro. In rats treated with gentamicin (70 mg/Kg body weight, subcutaneously, every 12 h, for 4 days), renal oxidative stress was made evident by the increase in protein carbonyl content and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and the nitrosative stress was made evident by the increase in 3-nitrotyrosine. In addition, gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity was evident by the: (1) decrease in creatinine clearance and in activity of circulating glutathione peroxidase, and (2) increase in urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and (3) necrosis of proximal tubular cells. Gentamicin-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress and nephrotoxicity were attenuated by S-allylmercaptocysteine treatment (100 mg/Kg body weight, intragastrically, 24 h before the first dose of gentamicin and 50 mg/Kg body weight, intragastrically, every 12 h, for 4 days along gentamicin-treatment). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, S-allylmercaptocysteine is able to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen in vitro and to ameliorate the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative and nitrosative stress in vivo