The genetic architecture underlying the evolution of a rare piscivorous life history form in brown trout after secondary contact and strong introgression

Identifying the genetic basis underlying phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation is a longstanding problem in evolutionary biology. Genetic signals of adaptation and reproductive isolation are often confounded by a wide range of factors, such as variation in demographic history or genomic features. Brown trout ( ) in the Loch Maree catchment, Scotland, exhibit reproductively isolated divergent life history morphs, including a rare piscivorous (ferox) life history form displaying larger body size, greater longevity and delayed maturation compared to sympatric benthivorous brown trout. Using a dataset of 16,066 SNPs, we analyzed the evolutionary history and genetic architecture underlying this divergence. We found that ferox trout and benthivorous brown trout most likely evolved after recent secondary contact of two distinct glacial lineages, and identified 33 genomic outlier windows across the genome, of which several have most likely formed through selection. We further identified twelve candidate genes and biological pathways related to growth, development and immune response potentially underpinning the observed phenotypic differences. The identification of clear genomic signals divergent between life history phenotypes and potentially linked to reproductive isolation, through size assortative mating, as well as the identification of the underlying demographic history, highlights the power of genomic studies of young species pairs for understanding the factors shaping genetic differentiation

In pursuit of causality in leadership training research: A review and pragmatic recommendations

Although research shows a reliable association between leadership training and positive organizational outcomes, a range of research design issues mean we do not know to what degree the former causes the later. Accordingly, the paper has two main aims. First, to describe the conditions necessary to determine causality in leadership training research and the ability of different research designs to achieve this. Six important, but often ignored, issues associated with determining causality are described (control conditions, sample representation, condition randomization, condition independence, temporal design, and author involvement). Second, to review the extent to which the leadership training literature is able to demonstrate causality. The review shows that the majority of studies do not meet many of the criteria, even the most basic criteria, required to establish causality. Finally, we provide guidelines for designing future research to improve causal identification and is capable of generating meaningful theory and policy recommendations

Technical note: successful DNA amplification of DNA from non-destructive buccal swabbing in Vespertilionid and Rhinolophid bats

\ua9 The Author(s) 2024.Acquiring DNA from wild bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) is typically undertaken utilizing highly invasive (but non-lethal) sampling techniques comprising wing biopsies and occasional blood samples. While non-invasive sampling is possible through the extraction of DNA from faecal samples, it is not always possible to acquire samples from individual bats whilst conducting fieldwork, and as such, this method is primarily applicable to roost occupancy identification. Similarly, wing swabbing is liable to cross-contamination from roost mates. Here we present the first use of oral (buccal) swabbing for successful, species-resolution DNA sequencing of Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae in 10 bat species (nine Vespertilionidae and one Rhinolophidae) from the UK

Weather information network including graphical display

An apparatus for providing weather information onboard an aircraft includes a processor unit and a graphical user interface. The processor unit processes weather information after it is received onboard the aircraft from a ground-based source, and the graphical user interface provides a graphical presentation of the weather information to a user onboard the aircraft. Preferably, the graphical user interface includes one or more user-selectable options for graphically displaying at least one of convection information, turbulence information, icing information, weather satellite information, SIGMET information, significant weather prognosis information, and winds aloft information

The Structure of Screening in QED

The possibility of constructing charged particles in gauge theories has long been the subject of debate. In the context of QED we have shown how to construct operators which have a particle description. In this paper we further support this programme by showing how the screening interactions arise between these charges. Unexpectedly we see that there are two different gauge invariant contributions with opposite signs. Their difference gives the expected result.Comment: 8 pages, LaTe

Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sleep is crucial to children's health and development. Reduced physical activity and increased screen time adversely impact older children’s sleep, but little is known about these associations in children under 5 years. This systematic review examined the association between screen time/movement behaviors (sedentary behavior, physical activity) and sleep outcomes in infants (0-1 year); toddlers (1-2 years); and preschoolers (3-4 years). Evidence was selected according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and synthesized using vote counting based on the direction of association. Quality assessment and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation was performed, stratified according to child age, exposure and outcome measure. Thirty-one papers were included. Results indicate that screen time is associated with poorer sleep outcomes in infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Meta-analysis confirmed these unfavorable associations in infants and toddlers but not preschoolers. For movement behaviors results were mixed, though physical activity and outdoor play in particular were favorably associated with most sleep outcomes in toddlers and preschoolers. Overall, quality of evidence was very low, with strongest evidence for daily/evening screen time use in toddlers and preschoolers. Although high-quality experimental evidence is required, our findings should prompt parents, clinicians and educators to encourage sleep-promoting behaviors (e.g. less evening screen time) in the under 5s

Aqueous Radical Initiated Oxidation of an Organic Monolayer at the Air–Water Interface as a Proxy for Thin Films on Atmospheric Aerosol Studied with Neutron Reflectometry

Neutron reflectometry has been used to study the radical initiated oxidation of a monolayer of the lipid 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) at the air-water interface, by aqueous-phase hydroxyl, sulfate and nitrate radicals. The oxidation of organic films at the surface of atmospheric aqueous aerosols can influence the optical properties of aerosol and consequently can impact the Earth’s radiative balance and contribute to modern climate change. The amount of material at the air-water interface was found to decrease on exposure to aqueous-phase radicals and follow a multi-step degradation mechanism. The multi-step degradation mechanism means that lipid molecules in the thin film degrade to form progressively shorter chain surface active products and several reactive steps are required to remove the film from the air-water interface. Calculations to determine the film lifetime indicate that it will take ~4-5 days for the film to degrade to 50 % of its initial amount in the atmosphere and therefore attack by aqueous radicals on organic films is atmospherically important relative to the typical lifetimes of atmospheric aerosol

Supersymmetry and a Time-Dependent Landau System

A general technique is outlined for investigating supersymmetry properties of a charged spin-\half quantum particle in time-varying electromagnetic fields. The case of a time-varying uniform magnetic induction is examined and shown to provide a physical realization of a supersymmetric quantum-mechanical system. Group-theoretic methods are used to factorize the relevant Schr\"odinger equations and obtain eigensolutions. The supercoherent states for this system are constructed.Comment: 47 pages, submitted to Phys. Rev. A, LaTeX, IUHET 243 and LA-UR-93-20