174 research outputs found
Les politiques alimentaires face aux enjeux nutritionnels
Food policies can use of two intervention strategies. The first is changing consumer behaviour through information and education. The second is to act on the characteristics of the food supply, on the nutritonal composition of products in the same time on the prices. All require collaboration between governments and enterprises
Bimodality and alternative equilibria do not help explain long-term patterns in shallow lake chlorophyll-a
Since its inception, the theory of alternative equilibria in shallow lakes has
evolved and been applied to an ever wider range of ecological and socioecological
systems. The theory posits the existence of two alternative stable
states or equilibria, which in shallow lakes are characterised by either clear
water with abundant plants or turbid water where phytoplankton dominate.
Here, we used data simulations and real-world data sets from Denmark and
north-eastern USA (902 lakes in total) to examine the relationship between
shallow lake phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) and nutrient concentrations
across a range of timescales. The data simulations demonstrated that
three diagnostic tests could reliably identify the presence or absence of
alternative equilibria. The real-world data accorded with data simulations
where alternative equilibria were absent. Crucially, it was only as the temporal
scale of observation increased (>3 years) that a predictable linear relationship
between nutrient concentration and chlorophyll-a was evident. Thus, when a
longer term perspective is taken, the notion of alternative equilibria is not
required to explain the response of chlorophyll-a to nutrient enrichment
which questions the utility of the theory for explaining shallow lake response
to, and recovery from, eutrophication.C.D.S. and T.A.D. would like to thank June and Derek Sayer for extraordinary
support over many years. The authors of this work have been
supported by a number of projects over the elephantine gestation period
of this manuscript. These include support from the Poul Due Jensen
Fonden, Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond Natur og Univers project
GREENLAKES (No. 9040-00195B) and the UFM-funded project LTER_DK
for Long Term Ecosystem Research in Denmark. In addition, support was
provided by The European Unionâs Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programmes under grant agreement No 869296âThe PONDERFUL
Projectâ, TREICLAKE under grant agreement No 951963, and the
AQUACOSM project and by the European Commission EU H2020-
INFRAIA-project (No. 731065) and AQUACOSMplus (No. 871081). E.J. was
also supported by the TĂBITAK outstanding researcher programme2232
(project 118C250) and AnaEE, Denmark. The work of D.G. was funded by
the Fourth Period of Programme-oriented Funding, Helmholtz Association
of German ResearchCentres, Research Field Earth and Environment.C.D.S. and T.A.D. would like to thank June and Derek Sayer for extraordinary
support over many years. The authors of this work have been
supported by a number of projects over the elephantine gestation period
of this manuscript. These include support from the Poul Due Jensen
Fonden, Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond Natur og Univers project
GREENLAKES (No. 9040-00195B) and the UFM-funded project LTER_DK
for Long Term Ecosystem Research in Denmark. In addition, support was
provided by The European Unionâs Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programmes under grant agreement No 869296âThe PONDERFUL
Projectâ, TREICLAKE under grant agreement No 951963, and the
AQUACOSM project and by the European Commission EU H2020-
INFRAIA-project (No. 731065) and AQUACOSMplus (No. 871081). E.J. was
also supported by the TĂBITAK outstanding researcher programme2232
(project 118C250) and AnaEE, Denmark. The work of D.G. was funded by
the Fourth Period of Programme-oriented Funding, Helmholtz Association
of German ResearchCentres, Research Field Earth and Environment
Agricultural origins on the Anatolian plateau
This paper explores the explanations for, and consequences of, the early appearance of food production outside the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia, where it originated in the 10th/9th millennia cal BC. We present evidence that cultivation appeared in Central Anatolia through adoption by indigenous foragers in the mid ninth millennium cal BC, but also demonstrate that uptake was not uniform, and that some communities chose to actively disregard cultivation. Adoption of cultivation was accompanied by experimentation with sheep/goat herding in a system of low-level food production that was integrated into foraging practices rather than used to replace them. Furthermore, rather than being a short-lived transitional state, low-level food production formed part of a subsistence strategy that lasted for several centuries, although its adoption had significant long-term social consequences for the adopting community at Boncuklu. Material continuities suggest that Boncukluâs community was ancestral to that seen at the much larger settlement of ĂatalhöyĂŒk East from 7100 cal BC, by which time a modest involvement with food production had been transformed into a major commitment to mixed farming, allowing the sustenance of a very large sedentary community. This evidence from Central Anatolia illustrates that polarized positions explaining the early spread of farming, opposing indigenous adoption to farmer colonization, are unsuited to understanding local sequences of subsistence and related social change. We go beyond identifying the mechanisms for the spread of farming by investigating the shorter- and longer-term implications of rejecting or adopting farming practices.</p
Symbiosal<sup>Ÿ </sup>and lowering of blood pressure and reduced risk of hypertension:evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Han-Biotech GmbH, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Germany, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to SymbiosalŸ , lowering of blood pressure and reduced risk of hypertension. The Panel considers that the food, SymbiosalŸ , which is the subject of the health claim, and the food, table salt, which SymbiosalŸ should replace, are sufficiently characterised. Lowering of blood pressure is a beneficial physiological effect. Increased blood pressure is a risk factor for hypertension. In weighing the evidence, the Panel took into account that one human study with some methodological limitations showed an effect of SymbiosalŸ on blood pressure in the context of a self-selected diet with a maximum of 3 g/day added salt. The Panel also took into account that no other human studies in which these results have been replicated were provided, that the animal studies did not support the results of the human study, that no evidence was provided in support of a mechanism by which SymbiosalŸ could induce a decrease in blood pressure upon oral consumption as compared to table salt in vivo in humans, and the low biological plausibility of the effect observed in the human intervention study. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of SymbiosalŸ and lowering of blood pressure. </p
NWT-02, a fixed combination of lutein, zeaxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid in egg yolk and reduction of the loss of vision:evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Newtricious R&D B.V., submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of the Netherlands, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to NWT-02 and a reduction of the loss of vision. The food proposed by the applicant as the subject of the health claim is NWT-02. NWT-02 is standardised by its content in lutein (â„ 1.10 mg), zeaxanthin (â„ 0.20 mg) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (â„ 170 mg). The Panel considers that the food/constituent that is the subject of the health claim, NWT-02, a fixed combination of lutein, zeaxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid in egg yolk, is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is âreduces loss of visionâ. The target population proposed by the applicant is âhealthy adults over 50 years of ageâ. The Panel considers that a reduction of the loss of vision is a beneficial physiological effect. The applicant provided two human intervention studies for the scientific substantiation of the claim. The Panel considers that the only study from which conclusions can be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claim did not show an effect of NWT-02 on vision. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of NWT-02, a fixed combination of lutein, zeaxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid in egg yolk, and a reduction of the loss of vision.</p
L-carnitine and contribution to normal lipid metabolism:evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Lonza Ltd., submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Germany, the EFSA Panelon Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to L-carnitine and normal lipid metabolism. The food that is proposed as the subject of the health claim is L-carnitine. The Panelconsiders that L-carnitine is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is normal lipid metabolism'. The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population. The Panelconsiders that contribution to normal lipid metabolism is a beneficial physiological effect. The applicant proposes that the claim submitted with this application is based on the essentiality of a nutrient. The Panelconsiders that the evidence provided does not establish that dietary L-carnitine is required to maintain normal lipid metabolism in the target population, for which the claim is intended. The Panelconcludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of L-carnitine and contribution to normal lipid metabolism in the target population
Xanthohumol in XERME (R), a xanthohumol-enriched roasted malt extract, and protection of DNA from oxidative damage : evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from TA-XAN AG, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Germany, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to xanthohumol in XERME (R), a xanthohumol-enriched roasted malt extract, and protection of DNA from oxidative damage. The scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim based on newly developed scientific evidence. The food proposed by the applicant as the subject of the health claim is xanthohumol in XERME (R), a xanthohumol-enriched roasted malt extract. The Panel considers that xanthohumol in XERME (R), a xanthohumol-enriched roasted malt extract, is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is helps to maintain the integrity of DNA and protects against oxidative damage in the cells of the body'. The Panel considers that protection of DNA from oxidative damage is a beneficial physiological effect. The only human study from which conclusions can be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claim did not show an effect of xanthohumol in XERME (R) on the protection of DNA from oxidative damage. In the absence of evidence for an effect of xanthohumol in XERME (R) on the protection of DNA from oxidative damage, the studies provided by the applicant on the proposed mechanisms by which the food/constituent could exert the claimed effect were not considered by the Panel for the scientific substantiation of the claim. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of xanthohumol in XERME (R), a xanthohumol-enriched roasted malt extract, and protection of DNA from oxidative damage. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.Peer reviewe
Black tea and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation : evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Unilever NV, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Ireland, the EFSA Panelon Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to black tea and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim based on newly developed scientific evidence. The food proposed by the applicant as the subject of the health claim is black tea beverages, either freshly prepared or reconstituted from water extract powders of black tea, characterised by the content of flavanols (expressed as catechins plus theaflavins) of at least 30mg per 200mL serving. The Panelconsiders that black tea characterised by the content of flavanols (expressed as catechins plus theaflavins) is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation'. The Panelconsiders that maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation is a beneficial physiological effect. Of the five human intervention studies provided on the chronic effect of black tea consumption on endothelium-dependent vasodilation, two investigated the effect after regular consumption of black tea for a sufficiently long time period (i.e. at least 4weeks). These two studies did not allow an effect of black tea on endothelium-dependent vasodilation to be established. The Panelconcludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of black tea and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.Peer reviewe
L-carnitine and contribution to normal lipid metabolism : evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Lonza Ltd., submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Germany, the EFSA Panelon Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to L-carnitine and normal lipid metabolism. The food that is proposed as the subject of the health claim is L-carnitine. The Panelconsiders that L-carnitine is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is normal lipid metabolism'. The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population. The Panelconsiders that contribution to normal lipid metabolism is a beneficial physiological effect. The applicant proposes that the claim submitted with this application is based on the essentiality of a nutrient. The Panelconsiders that the evidence provided does not establish that dietary L-carnitine is required to maintain normal lipid metabolism in the target population, for which the claim is intended. The Panelconcludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of L-carnitine and contribution to normal lipid metabolism in the target population. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.Peer reviewe
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