Ozonation, photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation of diuron. Intermediates identification

Authors thank economic support received from Gobierno de Extremadura and CICYT of Spain through Projects GRU10012 and CTQ2012-35789-C02-01, respectively. Mr. Rafael Rodríguez Solís also thanks Gobierno de Extremadura, Consejería de Empleo, Empresa e Innovación, and FSE Funds for his Ph.D. grant (PD12058).Aqueous 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) has been oxidized by ozonation, photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation. Diuron degradation takes place via radical pathway through hydroxyl radicals in those systems involving ozone. Diuron elimination in photocatalytic ozonation is not enhanced if compared to single ozonation; however, TOC removal was significantly improved. Specifically, 80% TOC removal in 2 h was reached in photocatalytic ozonation while single ozonation just led to 25% TOC reduction. Photocatalysis required 9 h to reach 25% TOC reduction. Ten transformation by-products generated during the application of the three technologies were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF–MS/MS). Single ozonation and photocatalytic ozonation led to the formation and complete elimination of all by-products. Low weight carboxylic acids evolution suggests that high TOC removal in photocatalytic ozonation is linked to its capacity to oxidize small oxygenated compounds and release of inorganic chloride and nitrate. Toxicity evolution to Vibrio fischeri in photocatalytic ozonation displayed an increase in inhibition at the initial stages (>90% of inhibition), followed by a decrease of this parameter as the reaction progressed. The final treated sample shows a lower toxicity than the initial one (55% vs 20%).Gobierno de Extremadura GRU10012CICYT of Spain CTQ2012-35789-C02-01Gobierno de Extremadura, Consejería de Empleo, Empresa e InnovaciónFSE Funds PD1205

Salt weathering impact on Nero/Ramses II Temple at El-Ashmonein archaeological site (Hermopolis Magna), Egypt

Nero’s Temple at El-Ashmonein archaeological site, in Minia (middle of Egypt), is considered one of the most important of all temples of Nero. This temple dates back to 1520 BC–1075 BC in the New Kingdom and was reused in the era of Nero (the Fifth Emperor of Rome). The temple construction materials are severely decayed from surrounding environmental impacts, especially contaminated water sources. The main objective of this paper is to identify the construction materials of Nero’s Temple and their decay by-products. To achieve them, X-ray diffraction, micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and portable Raman spectroscopy were utilized to identify the compositions and alteration by-products/degradation compounds (mainly saline efflorescence and crusts) from the construction materials, such as limestone walls, and structural mortars of the temple. In addition, a polarizing microscope was used to identify the minerals inside the construction materials and reveal the alteration of the minerals because of decay. Digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with EDS were used to detect decayed materials’ morphological features. Finally, results showed that the main decay factor is salt attack (chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, and bicarbonates) for all architectural and structural elements of the temple, which have been carried to the construction materials from various sources of contaminated water (canal, sewage, and agricultural water)

Coastal Environment Impact on the Construction Materials of Anfushi's Necropolis (Pharos's Island) in Alexandria, Egypt

The only example and reference of Ptolemaic Alexandrian tombs, with clear integrations of Egyptian-style scenes and decorations, is considered an endangered archaeological site due to different coastal environmental risks in Alexandria and the absence of maintenance. Anfushi's Necropolis is located near the western harbour (Island of Pharos) and dates back to the 2nd century BC. Sea level rises, earthquakes, flooding, storminess, variations in temperature, rainfall, and wind are the factors that have the largest effect on the destruction and decay of Anfushi's Necropolis building materials. This paper's main objectives were to characterize this necropolis's building materials and assess its durability problems and risks regarding the coastal environment. Additionally, the vector mapping of its architectural and structural elements was applied for documentation and recording purposes for the necropolis. To achieve these aims, field (recording and photographs), desk (engineering drawing and mapping), and laboratory works (X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, binocular microscopy, polarizing microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) were carried out. The results confirmed the probabilistic risk of sea level rises and its impact on the submergence of Anfushi's Necropolis. The structural deficiencies of the tombs were caused by the effect of earthquake tremors along with anthropogenic factors. In addition, chemical and microscopic investigations showed that salt weathering (halite and gypsum) induced the decay of the building materials

Geoenvironmental investigation of Sahure's pyramid, Abusir archeological site, Giza, Egypt

Abusir is the name of an elaborate burial area in Egypt, dotted with 19 pyramids and other temples, stretching on the western side of the Nile from the south of the Giza Plateau to the northern rim of Saqqara. It seems to have been created as the resting site for the Pharaohs dated from 2494 to 2345 BC. The name Abusir, originally spoken as Busiri, means "Temple of Osiris". Over time, the name has become so popular because more than 60 villages now carry this name, but only one is the archaeological site. This paper focused on one of its most important pyramids from the Abusir archaeological area, Sahure's pyramid, since it is one of Egypt's little-known but heavily damaged treasures. Field and laboratory studies have been carried out to investigate and understand the durability problems and construction materials of this pyramid, leading to results that confirmed the impact of the geoenvironmental conditions on the pyramid's architectural, structural, and engineering stability. Moreover, the results showed that mineralogical content in the construction materials was an intrinsic problem due to the presence of swellable (expansive) clays, which are considered responsible for pyramid decay and damage. In addition to external factors such as the effect of temperature variations, rain, pollutants, wind, and earthquakes and their interactions with intrinsic building material defects. Finally, this paper revealed a new discovery for basaltic mortar as the first trial for green concrete manufacturing in the Egyptian Old Kingdom, Fifth Dynasty

Perspectivas actuales de los sujetos de derecho

En este volumen se recogen las intervenciones del II Seminario Internacional Permanente del Departamento de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid que se desarrolló en el curso académico 2010-2011Presentación / Rafael de Asís Roig. - Algunas reflexiones sobre el individuo en Derecho Internacional / Castor Díaz Barrado. - Sobre capacidad y derechos / Rafael de Asís Roig. - Derecho Común versus Derecho Especial : el individuo como sujeto del derecho de libertad de conciencia y religiosa en España y Portugal / Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez. - Las empresas transnacionales como actores y sujetos «potenciales» en la sociedad internacional / Romualdo Bermejo García. - Las minorías religiosas como sujetos de derechos en España : un sistema de desigualdad / José María Contreras Mazario. - Los colectivos como sujetos de Derecho / Olga Sánchez Martínez. - De «protectorado internacional» a Estado «protegido» (¿Es Kosovo un Estado?) / Cesáreo Gutiérrez Espada - Contra el Derecho Internacional : imperialismo americano y subjetividad jurídica / Cristina García Pascual. - Cooperación constitucional e internacionalidad de la Iglesia católica / Paulino Pardo Prieto. - El individuo como titular de la libertad religiosa : aproximación a un problema de filosofía jurídica / Fernando Arlettaz. - La adopción de un procedimiento de comunicaciones individuales : ¿asignatura pendiente en la consolidación de la «subjetividad internacional del niño»? / Mª del Rosario Carmona Luque. - La persona con discapacidad como sujeto de derechos : análisis desde dos modelos / Patricia Cuenca Gómez. - Los sujetos de Derecho Internacional y los desastres internacionales / Carlos R. Fernández Liesa. - Los inmigrantes como colectivo : ¿son sujeto de Derecho Internacional? / Rosana Garciandía Garmendia. - La empresa : ¿Sujeto de Derecho Internacional? : Importancia de la cuestión / Hilda Garrido Suárez. - La tolerancia étnica y religiosa en los proyectos para la independencia del Estado búlgaro de la dominación otomana, el punto de partida del concepto legal sobre la protección de los derechos fundamentales de las minorias en Bulgaria / Ángel Hristov Kolev. - El régimen jurídico del profesorado y de la asignatura de religión católica en la escuela pública. Comentario a la STC 51/2011 de 14 de abril / Andrés Murcia González. - El sujeto de derecho en Pufendorf / Antonio Pele. - ¿Puede un sujeto de Derecho Internacional juzgar a otro? Algunas consideraciones sobre la inmunidad de jurisdicción de las organizaciones internacionales / Juan Jorge Piernas Lópe

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y Derechos Humanos: paz, justicia e instituciones sólidas / Derechos Humanos y empresas

Nota previa / Cástor Miguel Díaz Barrado (pp. 7-9). -- Unión Europea: Derechos Humanos y desarrollo sostenible / Araceli Mangas Martín (pp. 13 - 26). -- Paz, seguridad y gobernanza: el ODS 16 y la Agenda 2030 de desarrollo sostenible / José Antonio Sanahuja (pp. 27 - 54). -- La aplicación extraterritorial de los Derechos Humanos por acciones de empresas / Pablo Antonio Fernández Sánchez (pp. 57 - 60). -- Hacia un futuro tratado internacional sobre las empresas y los Derechos Humanos / Eugenia López-Jacoiste (pp. 61 - 73). -- La importancia del enfoque de los Derechos Humanos en los objetivos de desarrollo del sostenible / Diana M. Verdiales López (pp. 75 - 90). -- La perspectiva de género en la resolución de conflictos armados: las mujeres como agentes de paz / Cristina del Prado Higuera (pp. 93 - 106). -- La mutilación genital femenina desde una perspectiva integral y multidisciplinar / Cristina Hermida del Llano (pp. 107 - 120). -- Poner fin al maltrato, la explotación, la trata y todas las formas de violencia y tortura contra los niños: la trata de niños / María Ángeles Cano Linares (pp. 123 - 136). -- Participación juvenil en el fortalecimiento de las instituciones y el establecimiento de la paz: programas de participación juvenil del sistema de Naciones Unidas / Enrique Hernández Díez (pp. 137 - 160). -- Estado de la violencia criminal en la sociedad internacional: respuestas de la comunidad internacional para avanzar hacia el objetivo 16, Agenda 2030 / Sagrario Morán Blanco (pp. 163 - 178). -- Fortalecer la recuperación y devolución de bienes robados: justicia y reparación del daño causado a las víctimas y la sociedad como metas del objetivo 16 de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible / Francisco Jiménez García (pp. 179 - 192). -- El derecho internacional, los ODS y la lucha contra el crimen transnacional / Juan Manuel Rodríguez Barrigón (pp. 193 - 216). -- El derecho internacional frente a la criminalidad financiera transnacional: la prevención y sanción del blanqueo de capitales / Jorge Urbaneja Cillán (pp. 217 - 232). -- Acceso a la justicia y objetivos del desarrollo sostenible / Florabel Quispe Remón (pp. 235 - 248). -- Paz y objetivos de desarrollo sostenible: la contribución del objetivo 16 / Elena C. Díaz Galán (pp. 249 - 262). -- Seguridad sanitaria y empresas / Ana Cristina Gallego Hernández (pp. 265 - 272). -- El acaparamiento de tierras por empresas multinacionales y la seguridad alimentaria / Adriana Fillol Mazo (pp. 273 - 288). -- Importancia y características de los planes nacionales de empresas y Derechos Humanos en relación con el desarrollo sostenible / Alberto Jiménez-Piernas García (pp. 289 - 301). -- Objetivo de desarrollo sostenible 16. Principios rectores y espacio iberoamericano: el caso Berta Cáceres / Ana Manero Salvador (pp. 305 - 315). -- Derechos de los pueblos indígenas: marcos de protección en la Agenda 2030 y en los principios rectores sobre empresas y Derechos Humanos / Juan Daniel Oliva Martínez y Adriana Sánchez Lizama (pp. 317 - 331