Using an optimality model to understand medium and long-term responses of vegetation water use to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Vegetation has different adjustable properties for adaptation to its environment. Examples include stomatal conductance at short time scale (minutes), leaf area index and fine root distributions at longer time scales (days-months) and species compositio

Entropy production of soil hydrological processes and its maximisation

Hydrological processes are irreversible and produce entropy. Hence, the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics is used here to describe them mathematically. This means flows of water are written as functions of gradients in the gravitational and chemical potential of water between two parts of the hydrological system. Such a framework facilitates a consistent thermodynamic representation of the hydrological processes in the model. Furthermore, it allows for the calculation of the entropy production associated with a flow of water, which is proportional to the product of gradient and flow. Thus, an entropy budget of the hydrological cycle at the land surface is quantified, illustrating the contribution of different processes to the overall entropy production. Moreover, the proposed Principle of Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) can be applied to the model. This means, unknown parameters can be determined by setting them to values which lead to a maximisation of the entropy production in the model. The model used in this study is parametrised according to MEP and evaluated by means of several observational datasets describing terrestrial fluxes of water and carbon. The model reproduces the data with good accuracy which is a promising result with regard to the application of MEP to hydrological processes at the land surfac

SMS Keynote: Navigating Millions of Chemicals in Metabolomics and Exposomics Workflows

Keynote presentation for the Swiss Metabolomics Society (SMS) Meeting, 15 September 2023 at ETH Zurich. Thanks to Nicola Zamboni for the invitation! This presentation features a soundtrack from Jame Perera, on "Our Chemical Past, Present and Future", which can be downloaded on Vimeo (video) or Soundcloud (sound only). Please leave feedback there if you enjoy it

Open, Dynamic Databases, Workflows and Transformations to Support Environmental Studies

Invited talk for the Environmental Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Seminar at Umeå University, 17 March 2023, Virtual Event. Many thanks to Andriy Rebryk for the invitation

Finding PFAS: Data Exchange to Support Suspect and Non-target Screening of PFAS

Invited presentation for the PFAS workshop hosted by BAM, Sept 19 in Berlin / hybrid Advancements of Analytical Techniques for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) – Second Workshop 2023 https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/Events/2023/2023-09-19-pfas.html Many thanks to Christian Vogel for the invitation! This presentation features a sound track created by Jamie Perera on "Our Chemical Past, Present and Future", which can be downloaded on Vimeo (video) or Soundcloud (sound only). Please leave feedback there if you enjoy it

Global Challenges: Opening up Chemistry, Pandemics, and Air Pollution

As the first half of 2022 comes to a close, it is an interesting time to reflect on some recent trends. In many ways, the world is “opening” up again, with many colleagues going to their first “in person” conferences since the start of the pandemic in early 2020. A significant leap forward for open chemistry was made in 2021, with the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry embracing a hybrid model and releasing half a million chemicals as the CAS Common Chemistry set under an open license. (1)ACS Environmental Au continues to develop as one of the key gold open access journals for publishing work on environmental topics. (2) The European Union has just launched the €400 million European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC), with ∼200 partners (3) and a whole work package on FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) (4,5) and Open (6) data. While these trends are cause for optimism, the CAS Registry continues to climb toward the 200 million chemical mark (7) and many of us were blown away by the sheer immensity of the chemical pollution problem at recent meetings. Other colleagues, e.g., those affected by war, by lockdowns, or with insufficient funds, are unable to share in the “post-pandemic” reopening, conferences, and travel. Others cannot afford the costs associated with open access or still do not see the benefits of open science. Why the focus on these disjoint subjects? Both chemical pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic are global challenges requiring global solutions, where failure to act comes with a high price. Landrigan et al. estimated that 9 million premature deaths (16% of the global total) were caused by pollution in 2015. (8) Worldwide deaths directly due to the COVID-19 pandemic are already over 6 million (9) (January 2020 to May 2022). While public awareness is high, individuals often feel powerless to tackle global challenges─yet the pandemic has proven that individual actions can make an incredible collective difference. The same applies to open data and the exchange of research results─the collective benefit from many individual contributions can be extraordinary

Establish data infrastructure to compile and exchange environmental screening data on a European scale

Robust techniques based on liquid (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) enable sensitive screening, identification, and (semi)quantification of thousands of substances in a single sample. Recent progress in computational sciences has enabled archiving and processing of HR-MS ‘big data’ at the routine level. As a result, community-based databases containing thousands of environmental pollutants are rapidly growing and large databases of substances with unique identifiers allowing for inter-comparison at the global scale have become available. A data-archiving infrastructure is proposed, allowing for retrospective screening of HR-MS data, which will help define the ‘chemical universe’ of organic substances and enable prioritisation of toxicants causing adverse environmental effects at the local, river basin, and national and European scale in support of the European water and chemicals management policy

MetFrag relaunched: incorporating strategies beyond in silico fragmentation

Background: The in silico fragmenter MetFrag, launched in 2010, was one of the first approaches combining compound database searching and fragmentation prediction for small molecule identification from tandem mass spectrometry data. Since then many new approaches have evolved, as has MetFrag itself. This article details the latest developments to MetFrag and its use in small molecule identification since the original publication.Results: MetFrag has gone through algorithmic and scoring refinements. New features include the retrieval of reference, data source and patent information via ChemSpider and PubChem web services, as well as InChIKey filtering to reduce candidate redundancy due to stereoisomerism. Candidates can be filtered or scored differently based on criteria like occurence of certain elements and/or substructures prior to fragmentation, or presence in so-called “suspect lists”. Retention time information can now be calculated either within MetFrag with a sufficient amount of user-provided retention times, or incorporated separately as “user-defined scores” to be included in candidate ranking. The changes to MetFrag were evaluated on the original dataset as well as a dataset of 473 merged high resolution tandem mass spectra (HR-MS/MS) and compared with another open source in silico fragmenter, CFM-ID. Using HR-MS/MS information only, MetFrag2.2 and CFM-ID had 30 and 43 Top 1 ranks, respectively, using PubChem as a database. Including reference and retention information in MetFrag2.2 improved this to 420 and 336 Top 1 ranks with ChemSpider and PubChem (89 and 71 %), respectively, and even up to 343 Top 1 ranks (PubChem) when combining with CFM-ID. The optimal parameters and weights were verified using three additional datasets of 824 merged HR-MS/MS spectra in total. Further examples are given to demonstrate flexibility of the enhanced features.Conclusions: In many cases additional information is available from the experimental context to add to small molecule identification, which is especially useful where the mass spectrum alone is not sufficient for candidate selection from a large number of candidates. The results achieved with MetFrag2.2 clearly show the benefit of considering this additional information. The new functions greatly enhance the chance of identification success and have been incorporated into a command line interface in a flexible way designed to be integrated into high throughput workflows. Feedback on the command line version of MetFrag2.2 available at http://c-ruttkies.github.io/MetFrag/ is welcome

Exploring open cheminformatics approaches for categorizing per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large and diverse class of chemicals of great interest due to their wide commercial applicability, as well as increasing public concern regarding their adverse impacts. A common terminology for PFASs was recommended in 2011, including broad categorization and detailed naming for many PFASs with rather simple molecular structures. Recent advancements in chemical analysis have enabled identification of a wide variety of PFASs that are not covered by this common terminology. The resulting inconsistency in categorizing and naming of PFASs is preventing efficient assimilation of reported information. This article explores how a combination of expert knowledge and cheminformatics approaches could help address this challenge in a systematic manner. First, the “splitPFAS” approach was developed to systematically subdivide PFASs (for eventual categorization) following a CnF2n+1–X–R pattern into their various parts, with a particular focus on 4 PFAS categories where X is CO, SO2, CH2 and CH2CH2. Then, the open, ontology-based “ClassyFire” approach was tested for potential applicability to categorizing and naming PFASs using five scenarios of original and simplified structures based on the “splitPFAS” output. This workflow was applied to a set of 770 PFASs from the latest OECD PFAS list. While splitPFAS categorized PFASs as intended, the ClassyFire results were mixed. These results reveal that open cheminformatics approaches have the potential to assist in categorizing PFASs in a consistent manner, while much development is needed for future systematic naming of PFASs. The “splitPFAS” tool and related code are publicly available, and include options to extend this proof-of-concept to encompass further PFASs in the future