A new subspecies of Peucedanum officinale L. subsp. album (Apiaceae) from the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula

[EN] We describe Peucedanum officinale L. subsp. album Martinez-Fort & Donat-Torres subsp. nov., in which we grouped the thermomediterranean populations scattered along the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The characters that differentiate this new subspecies from other infraspecific taxa in Peucedanum officinale are its canaliculated leaflet, the inflorescences much branched and lack of dominant terminal umbels, the umbels are few rayed, sometimes sessile and lateral, the petals are white and the fruit pedicels short, the same or shorter in length than the fruit. We provide here a full description of the new subspecies based on herbarium specimens and field measurements, as well as providing dichotomous keys to the subspecies within P. officinale. In addition, we provide a comparison of the ITS sequences of nrDNA with the most closely related taxons.Martínez-Fort, J.; León Santana, M.; Donat-Torres, MP. (2019). A new subspecies of Peucedanum officinale L. subsp. album (Apiaceae) from the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. PhytoKeys (Online). (131):37-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.131.321733755131Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3), 403-410. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80360-2Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012). jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9(8), 772-772. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2109Downie, S. R., Watson, M. F., Spalik, K., & Katz-Downie, D. S. (2000). Molecular systematics of Old World Apioideae (Apiaceae): relationships among some members of tribe Peucedaneae sensu lato, the placement of several island-endemic species, and resolution within the apioid superclade. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78(4), 506-528. doi:10.1139/b00-029Downie, S. R., Spalik, K., Katz-Downie, D. S., & Reduron, J.-P. (2010). Major clades within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae as inferred by phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences. Plant Diversity and Evolution, 128(1-2), 111-136. doi:10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0005Engler, A., Krause, K., Pilger, R. K. F., & Prantl, K. A. E. (1887). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet von A. Engler und K. Prantl, fortgesetzt von A. Engler ... doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4635García Martín, F., & Silvestre, S. (1992). Peucedanum officinale L. subsp. brachyradium García-Martín y Silvestre: nuevo taxon de Umbelliferae. Acta Botanica Malacitana, 17, 119-121. doi:10.24310/abm.v17i.9022Kljuykov, E. V., Liu, M., Ostroumova, T. A., Pimenov, M. G., Tilney, P. M., van Wyk, B.-E., & van Staden, J. (2004). Towards a standardised terminology for taxonomically important morphological characters in the Umbelliferae. South African Journal of Botany, 70(3), 488-496. doi:10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30233-7Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6), 1547-1549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy096Spalik, K., Reduron, J.-P., & Downie, S. R. (2004). The phylogenetic position of Peucedanum sensu lato and allied genera and their placement in tribe Selineae (Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 243(3-4), 189-210. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0066-2White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). AMPLIFICATION AND DIRECT SEQUENCING OF FUNGAL RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES FOR PHYLOGENETICS. PCR Protocols, 315-322. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1Magee, A. R., Van Wyk, B.-E., Tilney, P. M., & Downie, S. R. (2007). New generic circumscriptions of Cape peucedanoid species (Apiaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 73(2), 298-299. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2007.02.07

Ultrasound- assisted supercritical CO2 treatment in continuous regime: Appliaction in Sacharomyces cerevisiae inactivation

[EN] Laboratory continuous regime equipment was designed and built for supercritical CO2 microbial inactivation assisted by high power ultrasound (SC-CO2-HPU). Apple juice, previously inoculated with 1-10x107 CFU/ml of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was treated in the equipment at different juice residence times (3.06-9.2 min), temperatures (31-41 °C) and pressures (100-300 bars). Inactivation ratios were fitted to a hybrid (boolean-real) model in order to study the effect of the process variables. The maximum inactivation achieved by the system was 7.8 log-cycles. The hybrid model demonstrated that HPU has a significant effect on inactivation after shorter residence times. A multi-objective optimization performed with the hybrid model showed that 6.8 log cycles of inactivation could be obtained after a minimum residence time (3.1 min) with HPU application, whereas under the same conditions but without HPU, the inactivation would be 4.3 log-cycles. Therefore, the ultrasound assisted continuous system has shown a great potential for microbial inactivation using SC-CO2 under mild process conditions.This work was supported by the PROMETEOII\2014\005 project financed by the Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport, Valencia, Spain). The authors acknowledge the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT/N. 218273) for the scholarship awarded to PhD Student Paniagua-Martinez, I. The authors especially wish to thank Eng. Ramon Pena for his technical assistance in the development of the equipment.Paniagua-Martínez, I.; Mulet Pons, A.; García-Alvarado, M.; Benedito Fort, JJ. (2016). Ultrasound- assisted supercritical CO2 treatment in continuous regime: Appliaction in Sacharomyces cerevisiae inactivation. Journal of Food Engineering. 181:42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.024S424918

Inactivation of the microbiota and effect on the quality attributes of pineapple juice using a continuous flow ultrasound-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide system

[EN] Supercritical carbon dioxide inactivation technology represents a promising nonthermal processing method, as it causes minimum impact on the nutritional food properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the combined effect of supercritical carbon dioxide and high-power ultrasound on the inactivation of natural microbiota and the quality attributes of pineapple juice treated in a continuous flow system. Different juice residence times (3.06-4.6min), at 100bar and 31.5?, were used. The results indicated that the microbiota inactivation was complete and the differences obtained in the quality attributes (2.2% for pH, 4.8% for degrees Brix, 2% for vitamin C) were minimal. During storage, microorganisms were not able to recover and the vitamin C decrease could be limited to 8.2% after four weeks. The results demonstrated that the supercritical carbon dioxide-high-power ultrasound technique could be an excellent alternative for the cold pasteurization of pineapple juice.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the PROMETEOII\2014\005 project financed by the Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport, Valencia, Spain). The authors acknowledge the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) for the scholarship awarded to PhD Student Paniagua-Martinez, I.Paniagua-Martínez, I.; Mulet Pons, A.; García Alvarado, MÁ.; Benedito Fort, JJ. (2018). Inactivation of the microbiota and effect on the quality attributes of pineapple juice using a continuous flow ultrasound-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide system. Food Science and Technology International. 24(7):547-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013218774694S547554247Adekunte, A. O., Tiwari, B. K., Cullen, P. J., Scannell, A. G. M., & O’Donnell, C. P. (2010). Effect of sonication on colour, ascorbic acid and yeast inactivation in tomato juice. Food Chemistry, 122(3), 500-507. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.026ARREOLA, A. G., BALABAN, M. O., MARSHALL, M. R., PEPLOW, A. J., WEI, C. I., & CORNELL, J. A. (1991). Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Effects on Some Quality Attributes of Single Strength Orange Juice. Journal of Food Science, 56(4), 1030-1033. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14634.xBenedito, J., Ortuño, C., Castillo-Zamudio, R. I., & Mulet, A. (2015). Microbial Inactivation by Ultrasound Assisted Supercritical Fluids. Physics Procedia, 70, 824-827. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.168Bermúdez-Aguirre, D., & Barbosa-Cánovas, G. V. (2012). Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in pineapple, grape and cranberry juices under pulsed and continuous thermo-sonication treatments. Journal of Food Engineering, 108(3), 383-392. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.06.038Calvo, L., & Torres, E. (2010). Microbial inactivation of paprika using high-pressure CO2. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 52(1), 134-141. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2009.11.002Char, C. D., Mitilinaki, E., Guerrero, S. N., & Alzamora, S. M. (2010). Use of High-Intensity Ultrasound and UV-C Light to Inactivate Some Microorganisms in Fruit Juices. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 3(6), 797-803. doi:10.1007/s11947-009-0307-7Choi, M. ., Kim, G. ., & Lee, H. . (2002). Effects of ascorbic acid retention on juice color and pigment stability in blood orange (Citrus sinensis) juice during refrigerated storage. Food Research International, 35(8), 753-759. doi:10.1016/s0963-9969(02)00071-6Costa, M. G. M., Fonteles, T. V., de Jesus, A. L. T., Almeida, F. D. L., de Miranda, M. R. A., Fernandes, F. A. N., & Rodrigues, S. (2011). High-Intensity Ultrasound Processing of Pineapple Juice. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(4), 997-1006. doi:10.1007/s11947-011-0746-9De Carvalho, L. M. J., de Castro, I. M., & da Silva, C. A. B. (2008). A study of retention of sugars in the process of clarification of pineapple juice (Ananas comosus, L. Merril) by micro- and ultra-filtration. Journal of Food Engineering, 87(4), 447-454. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.12.015Del Pozo-Insfran, D., Balaban, M. O., & Talcott, S. T. (2006). Microbial Stability, Phytochemical Retention, and Organoleptic Attributes of Dense Phase CO2Processed Muscadine Grape Juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(15), 5468-5473. doi:10.1021/jf060854oFabroni, S., Amenta, M., Timpanaro, N., & Rapisarda, P. (2010). Supercritical carbon dioxide-treated blood orange juice as a new product in the fresh fruit juice market. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 11(3), 477-484. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2010.02.004FERIL, Jr., L. B., & KONDO, T. (2004). Biological Effects of Low Intensity Ultrasound: The Mechanism Involved, and its Implications on Therapy and on Biosafety of Ultrasound. Journal of Radiation Research, 45(4), 479-489. doi:10.1269/jrr.45.479Gao, Y., Nagy, B., Liu, X., Simándi, B., & Wang, Q. (2009). Supercritical CO2 extraction of lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) enhanced by ultrasound. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 49(3), 345-350. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2009.02.006Garcia-Gonzalez, L., Geeraerd, A. H., Spilimbergo, S., Elst, K., Van Ginneken, L., Debevere, J., … Devlieghere, F. (2007). High pressure carbon dioxide inactivation of microorganisms in foods: The past, the present and the future. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 117(1), 1-28. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.018Gogate, P. R., Sutkar, V. S., & Pandit, A. B. (2011). Sonochemical reactors: Important design and scale up considerations with a special emphasis on heterogeneous systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 166(3), 1066-1082. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.069Gómez, P. L., Welti-Chanes, J., & Alzamora, S. M. (2011). Hurdle Technology in Fruit Processing. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2(1), 447-465. doi:10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133619Klimczak, I., Małecka, M., Szlachta, M., & Gliszczyńska-Świgło, A. (2007). Effect of storage on the content of polyphenols, vitamin C and the antioxidant activity of orange juices. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20(3-4), 313-322. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2006.02.012Laorko, A., Tongchitpakdee, S., & Youravong, W. (2013). Storage quality of pineapple juice non-thermally pasteurized and clarified by microfiltration. Journal of Food Engineering, 116(2), 554-561. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.12.033Lin, H. M., Yang, Z., & Chen, L. F. (1992). Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by supercritical and subcritical carbon dioxide. Biotechnology Progress, 8(5), 458-461. doi:10.1021/bp00017a013Ng, L.-K., & Hupé, M. (1998). Analysis of sterols: a novel approach for detecting juices of pineapple, passionfruit, orange and grapefruit in compounded beverages. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 76(4), 617-627. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199804)76:43.0.co;2-5Odriozola-Serrano, I., Soliva-Fortuny, R., & Martín-Belloso, O. (2008). Changes of health-related compounds throughout cold storage of tomato juice stabilized by thermal or high intensity pulsed electric field treatments. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 9(3), 272-279. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2007.07.009Paniagua-Martínez, I., Mulet, A., García-Alvarado, M. A., & Benedito, J. (2016). Ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 treatment in continuous regime: Application in Saccharomyces cerevisiae inactivation. Journal of Food Engineering, 181, 42-49. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.024Pétrier, C., Combet, E., & Mason, T. (2007). Oxygen-induced concurrent ultrasonic degradation of volatile and non-volatile aromatic compounds. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 14(2), 117-121. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.04.007Piljac-Žegarac, J., Valek, L., Martinez, S., & Belščak, A. (2009). Fluctuations in the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of dark fruit juices in refrigerated storage. Food Chemistry, 113(2), 394-400. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.048Rattanathanalerk, M., Chiewchan, N., & Srichumpoung, W. (2005). Effect of thermal processing on the quality loss of pineapple juice. Journal of Food Engineering, 66(2), 259-265. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.03.016Rawson, A., Tiwari, B. K., Patras, A., Brunton, N., Brennan, C., Cullen, P. J., & O’Donnell, C. (2011). Effect of thermosonication on bioactive compounds in watermelon juice. Food Research International, 44(5), 1168-1173. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.005Wen, L., & Wrolstad, R. E. (2002). Phenolic Composition of Authentic Pineapple Juice. Journal of Food Science, 67(1), 155-161. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb11376.

Routing Topologies of Wireless Sensor Networks for Health Monitoring of a Cultural Heritage Site

This paper provides a performance evaluation of tree and mesh routing topologies of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a cultural heritage site. The historical site selected was San Juan Bautista church in Talamanca de Jarama (Madrid, Spain). We report the preliminary analysis required to study the effects of heating in this historical location using WSNs to monitor the temperature and humidity conditions during periods of weeks. To test which routing topology was better for this kind of application, the WSNs were first deployed on the upper floor of the CAEND institute in Arganda del Rey simulating the church deployment, but in the former scenario there was no direct line of sight between the WSN elements. Two parameters were selected to evaluate the performance of the routing topologies of WSNs: the percentage of received messages and the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. To analyze in more detail which topology gave the best performance, other communication parameters were also measured. The tree topology used was the collection tree protocol and the mesh topology was the XMESH provided by MEMSIC (Andover, MA, USA). For the scenarios presented in this paper, it can be concluded that the tree topology lost fewer messages than the mesh topology.The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness supported this research under grant numbers BIA2009-14395-C04-01 and TEC2012-38402-C04-03. The present study was also funded under project CGL2010-19554. S. Aparicio benefited from funding provided by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) through its Post-graduate Studies Council’s post-doctoral specialisation programme (JAE-Doc). Researcher Martínez-Garrido’s was supported by an International Programme for Recruiting Talent (PICATA) predoctoral fellowship awarded by the Moncloa Campus of International Excellence (UPM-UCM, CSIC). J. Ranz benefited from a FPI grant BES-2010-038826 of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI

Potential Role of miRNAs in Developmental Haemostasis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small non-coding RNAs that are negative regulators in a crescent number of physiological and pathological processes. However, their role in haemostasis, a complex physiological process involving multitude of effectors, is just beginning to be characterized. We evaluated the changes of expression of miRNAs in livers of neonates (day one after birth) and adult mice by microarray and qRT-PCR trying to identify miRNAs that potentially may also be involved in the control of the dramatic change of hepatic haemostatic protein levels associated with this transition. Twenty one out of 41 miRNAs overexpressed in neonate mice have hepatic haemostatic mRNA as potential targets. Six of them identified by two in silico algorithms potentially bind the 3′UTR regions of F7, F9, F12, FXIIIB, PLG and SERPINC1 mRNA. Interestingly, miR-18a and miR-19b, overexpressed 5.4 and 8.2-fold respectively in neonates, have antithrombin, a key anti-coagulant with strong anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory roles, as a potential target. The levels of these two miRNAs inversely correlated with antithrombin mRNA levels during development (miR-19b: R = 0.81; p = 0.03; miR-18a: R = 0.91; p<0.001). These data suggest that miRNAs could be potential modulators of the haemostatic system involved in developmental haemostasis

An Ibero-American inter-laboratory trial to evaluate serological tests for the detection of anti-<i>Neospora caninum</i> antibodies in cattle

We carried out an inter-laboratory trial to compare the serological tests commonly used for the detection of specific Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle in Ibero- American countries. A total of eight laboratories participated from the following countries: Argentina (n = 4), Brazil (n = 1), Peru (n = 1), Mexico (n = 1), and Spain (n = 1). A blind panel of well-characterized cattle sera (n = 143) and sera representative of the target population (n = 351) was tested by seven in-house indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFATs 1–7) and three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs 1–3; two in-house and one commercial). Diagnostic performance of the serological tests was calculated and compared according to the following criteria: (1) the BPre-test information,^ which uses previous epidemiological and serological data; (2) the BMajority of tests,^ which classifies a serumas positive or negative according to the results obtained by most tests evaluated. Unexpectedly, six tests showed either sensitivity (Se) or specificity (Sp) values lower than 90%. In contrast, the best tests in terms of Se, Sp, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) values were IFAT 1 and optimized ELISA 1 and ELISA 2. We evaluated a high number of IFATs, which are the most widely used tests in Ibero-America. The significant discordances observed among the tests regardless of the criteria employed hinder control programs and urge the use of a common test or with similar performances to either the optimized IFAT 1 and ELISAs 1 and 2.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Derecho ex cathedra. 1847-1936 Diccionario de catedráticos españoles

Edición revisada 2020.Publicación de las entradas biográficas del Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de Derecho, accesible en http://www.uc3m.es/diccionariodecatedraticos. Al dar forma de libro al material hemos prescindido de algunos elementos informativos, que se mantienen en la página electrónica indicada. Se recogen ahora solamente a los ingresados en el cuerpo con anterioridad a la guerra civil.Publication of the biographical entries of the Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de Derecho, accessible at http://www.uc3m.es/diccionariodecatedraticos. By giving those material book form, we have dispensed with some informative elements, however kept on the web page. Only professors apointed prior to the Civil War are now included.Esta publicación forma parte del proyecto “La memoria del jurista español: génesis y desarrollo de las disciplinas jurídicas” (ref. DER2014-55035-C2-1-P/DER2014-55035-C2-2-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España)

Ultrasonic pulse velocity as a way of improving uniaxial compressive strength estimations from Leeb hardness measurements

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is one of the most important parameters in rock mechanics. Nevertheless, there are instances when it is not advisable to perform UCS standardised tests, because it is not possible to sample or because it is not feasible to obtain a significant enough set of results. Leeb hardness (LHD) is used for estimating UCS non-destructively and, currently, most research is focussed on improving its quality as UCS estimator by either increasing the number of samples or combining several sets of samples to obtain better fitting curves. This paper analyses if combining LHD with ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) improves UCS estimations obtained from LHD alone, analogously to what is already proven for SonReb methods. This is done considering how different lithology and, particularly, porosity impact on UCS estimations obtained from LHD. Results show that combining ultrasonic pulse velocity and Leeb hardness is an effective way to improve UCS estimations through portable and non-destructive techniques in non-porous polymineral rocks, in which Leeb hardness leads to relatively poor (R2 = 0.779) UCS estimations if used on its own.This work was supported by Top Heritage (P2018/NMT-4372) programme from the Regional Government of Madrid (Spain)

Routing Topologies of Wireless Sensor Networks for Health Monitoring of a Cultural Heritage Site

This paper provides a performance evaluation of tree and mesh routing topologies of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a cultural heritage site. The historical site selected was San Juan Bautista church in Talamanca de Jarama (Madrid, Spain). We report the preliminary analysis required to study the effects of heating in this historical location using WSNs to monitor the temperature and humidity conditions during periods of weeks. To test which routing topology was better for this kind of application, the WSNs were first deployed on the upper floor of the CAEND institute in Arganda del Rey simulating the church deployment, but in the former scenario there was no direct line of sight between the WSN elements. Two parameters were selected to evaluate the performance of the routing topologies of WSNs: the percentage of received messages and the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. To analyze in more detail which topology gave the best performance, other communication parameters were also measured. The tree topology used was the collection tree protocol and the mesh topology was the XMESH provided by MEMSIC (Andover, MA, USA). For the scenarios presented in this paper, it can be concluded that the tree topology lost fewer messages than the mesh topology