Boletín de Problemas de Metodología y Tecnología de la Programación

IS04: Metodologia i Tecnologia de la Programació. Curs: 2006/200

Apuntes de Teoría de Autómatas y Lenguajes Formales

IS17: Teoria d'Autòmats i Llenguatges Formal

Lectura de contexto y abordaje psicosocial desde los enfoques narrativos. Popayán, Medellín y La Sierra Cauca.

… «cuando llegaron los paramilitares y le dieron a la gente 24 horas para desocupar el territorio donde estábamos. Me tocó correr con ellas, acosando, porque había mucha gente corriendo. Dejamos casa, gallinas, marranos: todo lo dejé por allá perdido. Eso fue muy triste…cuando íbamos a tomar chocolatito, llegaron los paras y me preguntaron qué hacía ahí. Yo pensaba que nos iban a matar, a nosotras que no debíamos nada». (Relato tomado del libro Voces: historias de violencia y esperanza en Colombia.) La violencia sociopolítica que ha vivido Colombia ha generado no solo en el colectivo sino en lo individual daños psicológicos, físicos y materiales en las comunidades sin medir su origen, religión, etnia, edad, condición política, etc. Las dificultades que se han vivido han generado malestar obstruyendo el proyecto de vida de comunidades y personas prevaleciendo la injusticia y la destrucción de sueños y posibilidades de vida. El conflicto armado ha generado el desplazamiento forzado, la mutilación por minas personales y hasta la muerte, masacres y toda una cadena de sufrimientos afectando gravemente al país. Este trabajo contiene reflexiones acerca de algunos casos reales que han vivido las victimas los cuales nos posicionan como estudiantes de psicología frente a la realidad de las víctimas, sus vivencias y realidades. Es entender como desde la perspectiva narrativa como técnica de acompañamiento es posible que la acción psicosocial permita el abordaje mediante la propuesta de estrategias adecuadas para facilitar la potencialización de las víctimas y de esta manera los afrontamientos frente a sus situaciones de dolor sean superadas permitiendo una vida digna, llena de esperanza y puedan avanzar hacia nuevos caminos de tranquilidad y superación colectiva, familiar e individual. La aplicación de esta técnica permite profundizar en nuestro quehacer profesional y lograr de esta manera contribuir a la recuperación de tejido social que tanto necesita nuestro país.«when the paramilitaries arrived and gave the people 24 hours to vacate the territory where we were. I had to run with them, harassing them, because there were a lot of people running. We left house, chickens, pigs: everything I left there was lost. That was very sad ... when we were going to take chocolate, the paramilitaries arrived and asked me what I was doing there. I thought they were going to kill us, we did not owe anything. " (Story taken from the book Voices: stories of violence and hope in Colombia.) The sociopolitical violence that Colombia has experienced has generated not only in the collective but in the individual psychological, physical and material damages in the communities without measuring their origin, religion, ethnicity, age, political condition, etc. The difficulties that have been experienced have generated discomfort obstructing the life project of communities and people, prevailing injustice and the destruction of dreams and life possibilities. The armed conflict has generated forced displacement, mutilation by personal mines and even death, massacres and a whole chain of suffering seriously affecting the country. This work contains reflections about some real cases that the victims have lived which position us as students of psychology in face of the reality of the victims, their experiences and realities. It is to understand how from the narrative perspective as a support technique it is possible that the psychosocial action allows the approach by proposing adequate strategies to facilitate the empowerment of the victims and in this way the confrontations facing their pain situations are overcome allowing a life worthy, full of hope and can move towards new paths of tranquility and collective, family and individual improvement. The application of this technique allows us to deepen our professional work and in this way contribute to the recovery of the social fabric that our country so badly needs

Modelling the mid-late Holocene evolution of the Huelva Estuary and its human colonization, South-Western Spain

The major changes that occurred in the southwestern estuaries of the Spanish Atlantic coast during the last 6500 yr BP were simultaneous to human settlement and therefore the understanding of their coastal evolution will help interpreting human patterns in these areas. The study of the morpho-sedimentary features of new outcrops appearing in the middle sector of Saltés Island (Huelva Estuary, Spain) has been used to develop a model to understand the complex evolution of sand barriers than can be applied to similar inlets along the Atlantic Iberian coast. The first human settlements (6000–4000 yr BP) in the early Huelva Estuary (Tinto and Odiel rivers) were located in the ancient coastal banks or in the nearby hills. From 4000 yr BP onwards, the estuarine sediments started to emerge as sand barriers and chenier plains, prograding towards the mouth. As the littoral strands stabilized morphologically, they were colonized by human settlements in successive periods, the oldest inland (Almendral) and more recent outward (Cascajera). The study of the upper sedimentary layers of La Cascajera barrier display a tempestitic sequence of landward progradational washover-fans. The calibrated and modelled AMS dates in marine shells provide a storminess time range between the second half of first century BCE and the entire first century CE. Sedimentary records are useful to evaluate environmental changes, either from natural or anthropogenic causes, such as global and climate change. The interrelationship between the archaeological findings (mainly salting fish factories and old ports) and the morpho sedimentary evolution at the mouth of the Tinto and Odiel rivers allows us to highlight not only the Huelva Estuary's dynamics evolution, but also the possible regional patterns of human habitation from the beginning of the present sea-level highstand (middle Holocene).Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CGL2010-15810/BTEEuropean Union (UE) EU Excellence Project of the Andalusia Board SEJ-477

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero ([removed]2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16–0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26–0·57; p[removed]11 página

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

FULL Investiga Enero a Junio 2020 Número 1

Contiene: A propósito del coronavirus: pandemia o acontecimiento / Carol Fernandez Jaimes -- Desarrollo de nuevos materiales en el contexto de la IV Revolución Industrial y sus efectos en el COVID-19 / Jesús Manuel Gutiérrez Bernal -- El virus que coronó la vulnerabilidad de la formación remota en la educación Chilena y Colombiana” / Marcelo Palominos Bastias, Lupe García Cano y Víctor Martínez Gutiérrez -- Intuiciones psicosociales sobre la pandemia en el Siglo XXI / Rocío Venegas Luque -- Pensar la economía en tiempos de crisis / Oscar Esteban Morillo Martínez -- Acercamiento al concepto de educación superior en el marco normativo de la educación inclusiva en Colombia / Jose Escobar Romero -- Educación para la paz y la resiliencia en infancias vulneradas, fase II / Ana Dolores Gómez Romero -- Fútbol, de la mediatización global al lavado deportivo / Luis Francisco Buitrago -- Antea, proyecto de investigación que pone en reto a la comunicación como escenario para la transformación ambiental / Janneth Arley Palacios Chavarro -- Del desarrollo económico al desarrollo sos- tenible y el papel de la educación ambiental / Gloria Castaño-Camacho y Rosa Eugenia Reyes Gil -- Investigación en el ámbito turístico y gastronómico / Jesús Alexis Barón Chivara y Sandra Patricia Cote Daza -- Mercado de trabajo y empleabilidad de los profesionales en Colombia / Orlando Salinas Gómez -- El rol de la investigación contable en la academia y la sociedad / Paula Andrea Navarro Pérez -- Hacia la formación competitiva y de desarrollo empresarial / Melva Inés Gómez Caicedo y Diana Geraldine Jiménez García -- El comercio internacional como motor del crecimiento económico / José Vidal Castaño Ramírez -- Hacia el concepto transformacional de la educación superior inclusiva en el contexto colombiano / Castelblanco Daniela, Coronado Laura, Jiménez Wendy, Ocampo Yessica, Pachón Jose, Reyes María, Sánchez Vanesa -- La Inteligencia Artificial como quehacer investigativo y de formación al servicio de la humanidad en el seno del Semillero SofIA / Lucy Nohemy Medina Velandia -- “Un nuevo mundo”. Historieta ilustrada sobre el COVID-19 -- Camilo Rojas Zapata.Fundación Universitaria los Libertadore