Implicaciones digestivas y metabólicas del consumo de almidón resistente en el cerdo

Descripció del recurs: 4 setembre 2006Consultable des del TDXLa presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo general evaluar las principales consecuencias digestivas y metabólicas del consumo de almidón resistente utilizando el cerdo como modelo. Para la consecución de este objetivo se diseñaron tres experimentos. En los 2 primeros se estudiaron los mecanismos de adaptación digestiva y la lipogénesis a medio y largo plazo, y en el tercero el metabolismo postprandial. En todos los experimentos los animales fueron alimentados con dos dietas que diferían el tipo de almidón añadido (25%), siendo de maíz en una (dieta AM) y crudo de patata (dieta ACP) en la otra, como ejemplos de almidón digestible y almidón resistente tipo II. Respuestas del tracto digestivo La digestibilidad ileal del almidón fue inferior (P<0.05) en la dieta que contenía ACP respecto a la dieta que contenía AM (75% vs 95% de media). El mayor flujo de almidón al tracto digestivo posterior en la dieta ACP provocó una hipertrofia del intestino grueso, determinada por un mayor peso y longitud del colon (P<0.05). La fermentación de almidón en colon proximal estuvo asociada a un incremento en la actividad microbiana determinado por una mayor concentración de bases púricas (BP) y un aumento en la concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV). La administración de almidón resistente durante un periodo de tiempo prolongado (14 semanas) provocó una adaptación de la flora microbiana, que se caracterizó por la aparición de bacterias amilolíticas productoras de butirato y por una mayor biodiversidad (P=0.07). Entre las consecuencias del incremento en la producción de butirato, cabe destacar la reducción del numero de apoptosis por cripta (0.68 vs 0.38; P<0.05) observado en la mucosa del colon proximal Respuestas metabólicas Al final de los experimentos se sacrificaron los animales y se tomaron muestras de tejidos adiposos y musculares con el fin de estudiar el impacto de la administración de almidón resistente sobre la actividad enzimática de los enzimas relacionados con la lipogénesis (ACX, ME, G6PDH) y el contenido de grasa intramuscular. La administración de almidón resistente provocó una disminución en la actividad enizmática de todos los enzimas estudiados (P<0.05) en los tejidos adiposos, pero no modificaron la actividad de los enzimas lipogénicos de los tejidos musculares ni el contenido de grasa intramuscular después de 38 días de adaptación. Sin embargo, tras 97 días de adaptación, se observó un descenso en el contenido de grasa intramuscular (62.7 vs 44.0 g/kg MS en longissimus dorsi; P<0.05) en los animales alimentados con ACP. Para explicar las diferencias en la actividad de los enzimas lipogénicos observados tras la administración de almidón resistente, se realizó un pequeño estudio complementario. En este experimento los animales fueron canulados y recibieron una infusión constante de 1-13C acetato y de 6,6-D2 glucosa. Los cerdos alimentados con almidón resistente presentaron una menor glicemia e insulinemia postprandial, así como un menor ritmo de aparición de glucosa en sangre periférica. Sin embargo no se detectaron diferencias en el ritmo de aparición de acetato. Estos resultados sugieren que el mecanismo por el cual la administración de almidón resistente condiciona la actividad de los enzimas lipogénicos, puede ser a través de su impacto en la glicemia e insulinemia posprandiales. En su conjunto, los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la administración de almidón resistente afecta el sistema gastrointestinal, promoviendo la aparición de mecanismos de adaptación digestiva en respuesta al aporte de almidón a intestino grueso, pero también afecta al metabolismo general del animal, ya que produce variaciones en el ritmo de aparición y concentración de glucosa e insulina plasmática y en consecuencia modifica la lipogénesis.The main objective of the present thesis was to evaluate the principal digestive and metabolic consequences of the resistant starch consumption using the pig as a model. To reach this objective 3 experiments were designed. Two of them to study the digestive adaptations and lipogenic responses during the medium- and long-term, and the third one to study the postprandial metabolism. In all the experiments, pigs were feed with 2 diets containing 2 different starches: corn starch (CS) and raw potato starch (RPS) as examples of digestible and resistant starch type II. Responses of the digestive tract Ileal starch digestibility was lower (P<0.05) on pigs fed RPS than CS (average 75 vs 95%). The increased flow of starch towards the large bowel on RPS fed pigs, caused a colon hypertrophy which could be measured as a higher weight and length (P<0.05) of the intestinal compartment in RPS respect CS treatment. Colonic starch fermentation resulted in an increase on microbial activity reflected as a higher concentrations of purine bases (PB) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) on colonic digesta. Long-term consumption of resistant starch (14 weeks) promoted an adaptation of the microbial flora, resulting in the appearance of butyrate producing bacteria, and an increase on the biodiversity (P=0.07). As a result of the increased butyrate production in the large bowel digesta of the RPS fed pigs a reduction on the number of apoptosis per crypt of the colonic mucosa (0.68 vs 0.38; P<0.05) was determined. Metabolic responses At the end of the experiments, pigs were euthanized and samples of muscular tissues and fat depots were collected in order to study the effect of resistant starch on the activity of lipogenic enzymes (ACX, ME, G6PDH) and on the intramuscular fat content. Resistant starch consumption reduced the activity of all the enzymes studied (P<0.05) on adipose but not on muscular tissues. No differences between diets were observed on the intramuscular fat content after a period of adaptation of 38 days. In contrast, resistant starch consumption during a period of 97 days, reduced the intramuscular fat content (62.7 vs 44.0 g/kg MS in longissimus dorsi; P<0.05). To explain the differences observed on lipogenic enzyme activities, an additional trial was performed. In this trial, pigs were fitted with catheters and infused with 6,6-D2 glucose and 1-13C acetate in order to study variations between treatments on the glucose and acetate rates of appearance in the systemic pool, and on the plasmatic concentrations of glucose and insulin. Both glucose and insulin plasmatic concentrations, and the glucose rate of appearance were reduced as a result of RPS consumption. However no differences were observed on the acetate rate of appearance. This results suggested that the mechanism by which resistant starch consumption decreased lipogenic enzyme activities was through a reduction on the postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. The overall results demonstrate that resistant starch consumption promotes adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract in response of the chronic load of substrate to the large bowel. In addition resistant starch consumption affects the general metabolism, reducing the glucose and insulin postprandial concentrations and as a consequence decreasing lipogenesis

First data of the Colombia Lightning Mapping Array - COLMA

The first data set of VHF lightning mapping using a Lightning Mapping Array system - LMA in a tropical region is presented in this paper. Six sensors were installed at the north of Colombia near Santa Marta city. Since the installation of the LMA network in 2015, up to 7000 intra-cloud (IC) discharges from September to November 2015 have been analyzed. The data suggests that, the electrical charge distribution in tropical thunderstorms shows higher vertical development reaching higher altitudesPreprin

Economic MPC for the management of drinking water networks

This paper addresses the management of drinking water networks (DWNs) regarding a multi-objective cost function by means of economically-oriented model predictive control (EMPC) strategies. Specifically, assuming the water demand and the energy price as periodically time-varying signals, this paper shows that the EMPC framework is flexible to enhance the control of DWNs without relying on hierarchical control schemes that require the use of real-time optimisers (RTO) or steady-state target optimisers (SSTO) in an upper layer. Four different MPC strategies are discussed in this paper: a hierarchical two-layer approach, a standard EMPC where the multi-objective cost function is optimised directly, and two different modifications of the latter, which are meant to overcome possible feasibility losses in the presence of changing operating patterns. The discussed schemes are tested andcompared by means of a case study taken from a part of the Barcelona DWN.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Morphological study of skin cancer lesions through a 3D scanner based on fringe projection and machine learning

Postprint (published version

Adherence to a reliable PJI diagnostic protocol minimizes unsuspected positive cultures rate

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of unsuspected PJI when prosthetic revisions are thoroughly evaluated by PJI dedicated orthopedic surgeon before surgery. The hypothesis is that the incidence of unsuspected PJI is reduced by applying this protocol. This is a historical cohort study carried out in one university hospital. The prosthetic revision assessment was carried out in January 2019. From that date on, all patients that were programmed for hip or knee revision (either by an orthopedic surgeon specialized or not in septic revisions) were scheduled for a preoperative visit with the same orthopedic surgeon specialized in septic revisions. The diagnostic algorithm applied was based on the Pro-Implant Foundation diagnostic criteria. Prior to the revision assessment, the indication for joint aspiration was done at the surgeons' discretion (non-specialized in septic revisions) and the preoperative identification of PJI was also done by a hip or knee surgeon (not specialized in septic surgery). Based on the PIF criteria, there were 15 infections among the revisions in group 1 and 18 PJI in group 2 (p > 0.05). The most interesting finding was that there were 7 patients with unsuspected positive cultures in group 1. That represents 11% of all revisions. No patient in group 2 was found with unsuspected positive cultures (p < 0.001). A thorough PJI diagnostic algorithm should be implemented before prosthetic revision to avoid unsuspected positive cultures

Fitohormonas reducen daños por Nacobbus aberrans en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Existen antecedentes de la reducción de daños por nemátodos con el uso de elicitores, compuestos que estimulan defensas en las plantas, promoviendo el metabolismo secundario. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivos evaluar la nematofauna presente en el suelo y raíces del cultivo antecesor, y medir el efecto sobre el rendimiento y daño en raíces por Nacobbus aberrans en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum)‘Elpida’, tratado por drench 24 horas previas al trasplante con 1 mL de ácido salicílico 0,50 x 10-4 M y 1,00 x 10-4 M, etileno 0,35 x 10-3 M y 0,70 x 10-3 M, ácido jasmónico 1,00 x 10-4 M y 1,00 x 10-5 M, dejando testigos sin tratar. En el suelo se identificaron nemátodos saprófitos, omnívoros y predatores, Helicotylenchus spp. y N. aberrans. El cultivo antecesor fue tomate ‘Elpida’ sin injertar e injertado sobre Maxifort, 9184, Multifort y Beaufort, identificándose huevos y N. aberrans J2 en todas las raíces, en cantidad significativamente menor en Maxifort y 9184. Las fitohormonas incrementaron la producción de frutos con peso mayor a 150 g y el rendimiento total respecto al testigo, produciendo menor número de agallas, índice de agallamiento y reproducción. Ácido salicílico 1,00 x 10-4 M produjo menor daño en raíces y mayor producción total y por racimos, seguido por etileno 0,70 x 10-3 M y ácido jasmónico 1,00 x 10-5 M. Es importante continuar investigando aspectos prácticos del uso de elicitores y profundizar en la comprensión de su acción para el control de N. aberrans.There is evidence that indicates that elicitors reduce damage caused by nematodes. Elicitors are compounds that stimulate plant defense promoting secondary metabolism. The aims of this study were to evaluate the soil and previous root crop nematofauna in tomato ‘Elpida’, and determine the effect on yield and root damage by Nacobbus aberrrans. Soil drench applications were conducted 24 hours pre-transplanting with 1 mL of: salicilic acid 0.50 x 10-4 M and 1.00 x 10-4 M, ethylen 0.35 x 10-3 M and 0.70 x 10-3 M, jasmonic acid 1.00 x 10-4 M and 1.00 x 10-5 M, including untreated plants as control. In the soil, saprophytic, omnivorous and predatory nematodes, as well as Helicotylenchus spp. and N. aberrans, were identified. The previous crop was ungrafted ‘Elpida’ plants and also grafted on Maxifort, 9184, Multifort and Beaufort. Eggs and N. aberrans J2 were identified in all roots, with significantly lower amounts in Maxifort and 9184. Phytohormones increased the production of fruits with weight higher than 150 g and total yield compared to the control, producing lower galls, galling and reproductive indexes. Salicylic acid 1.00 x 10-4 M produced lower damage to the roots and a higher total yield and truss yield, followed by ethylene 0.70 x 10-3 M and jasmonic acid 1.00 x 10-5 M treatments. Further research is required to provide deeper knowledge of the practical implications of using elicitors and enhance the understanding of their action for N. aberrans control.EEA AMBAFil: Martínez, Susana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Garbi, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Puig, Lucrecia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Cap, Guillermo Bartolomé. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Chacra Experimental Gorina. Convenio INTA-MDA-BA; ArgentinaFil: Gimenez, Daniel Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Gimenez, Daniel Oscar. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentin

Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor G28 Shows Anticancer Activity in EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma Models

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs) are effectivetherapies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors harbor an EGFR activatingmutation. However, this treatment is not curative due to primary and secondary resistance suchas T790M mutation in exon 20. Recently, activation of transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) in NSCLC appeared as an alternative resistance mechanism allowing cancer cells to elude theEGFR signaling. Overexpression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), a multifunctional enzyme essentialfor endogenous lipogenesis, has been related to resistance and the regulation of the EGFR/Jak2/STATsignaling pathways. Using EGFR mutated (EGFRm) NSCLC sensitive and EGFR TKIs' resistantmodels (Gefitinib Resistant, GR) we studied the role of the natural polyphenolic anti-FASN compound(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and its derivative G28 to overcome EGFR TKIs' resistance.We show that G28's cytotoxicity is independent of TKIs' resistance mechanisms displaying synergisticeffects in combination with gefitinib and osimertinib in the resistant T790M negative (T790M−)model and showing a reduction of activated EGFR and STAT3 in T790M positive (T790M+) models.Our results provide the bases for further investigation of G28 in combination with TKIs to overcomethe EGFR TKI resistance in NSCLC

Acute Hematogenous Periprosthetic Hip Infection by Gemella morbillorum, Successfully Treated with Debridement, Antibiotics and Implant Retention : A Case Report and Literature Review of Osteoarticular Gemella morbillorum Infections

Gemella morbillorum is a facultative anaerobic, catalase-negative and non-spore forming Gram-positive cocci. It can be found as part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, in the gastrointestinal tract and the female genital tract. However, it can be a causal agent of infections such as endocarditis, meningitis or brain abscesses, and very rarely can cause osteoarticular infections. Herein, a case report of an acute hematogenous prosthetic hip infection caused by Gemella morbillorum, successfully treated with a DAIR and beta-lactam antibiotic therapy, is presented. We provide a literature review of the other orthopedic-related infections caused by this microorganism

Global Emergence of Resistance to Fluconazole and Voriconazole in Candida parapsilosis in Tertiary Hospitals in Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Candida parapsilosis; Antifungal resistance; OutbreaksCandida parapsilosis; Resistencia antifúngica; BrotesCandida parapsilosis; Resistència antifúngica; BrotsBackground Candida parapsilosis is a frequent cause of candidemia worldwide. Its incidence is associated with the use of medical implants, such as central venous catheters or parenteral nutrition. This species has reduced susceptibility to echinocandins, and it is susceptible to polyenes and azoles. Multiple outbreaks caused by fluconazole-nonsusceptible strains have been reported recently. A similar trend has been observed among the C. parapsilosis isolates received in the last 2 years at the Spanish Mycology Reference Laboratory. Methods Yeast were identified by molecular biology, and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing protocol. The ERG11 gene was sequenced to identify resistance mechanisms, and strain typing was carried out by microsatellite analysis. Results We examined the susceptibility profile of 1315 C. parapsilosis isolates available at our reference laboratory between 2000 and 2021, noticing an increase in the number of isolates with acquired resistance to fluconazole, and voriconazole has increased in at least 8 different Spanish hospitals in 2020–2021. From 121 recorded clones, 3 were identified as the most prevalent in Spain (clone 10 in Catalonia and clone 96 in Castilla-Leon and Madrid, whereas clone 67 was found in 2 geographically unrelated regions, Cantabria and the Balearic Islands). Conclusions Our data suggest that concurrently with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a selection of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates has occurred in Spain, and the expansion of specific clones has been noted across centers. Further research is needed to determine the factors that underlie the successful expansion of these clones and their potential genetic relatedness.O.Z. was funded by grants SAF2017–86912-R and PID2020–114546RB-I00 from the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation. This work was also funded by the National Centre for Microbiology (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) through the Surveillance Program of Antifungal Resistance and the Center for Biomedical Research in Network of Infectious Diseases CIBERINFECTCB21/13/00105 (O.Z. and L.A.F.), CIBERINFEC-CB21/13/00009 (M.P.-A.), CIBERES-CB06/06/0037 (C.A.-T.), and CIBERES-CB06/06/0058 (J.G). L.A.-F. was supported by Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (MPY 117/18 and MPY 305/20). We thank Dr. David Campany Herrero (Vall d’Hebron Hospital), Noelia Garrido Peño (Móstoles Hospital), David Gómez Gómez y Aitziber Illaro Uranga (Marqués de Valdecilla Hospital), María Ángeles Machín Morón (Burgos Hospital), Jose Manuel Caro Teller (Doce de Octubre Hospital), Marina Calvo (Puerta de Hierro Hospital), and Ariadna Padulles (Bellvitge Hospital) for providing the data on antifungal consumption from their hospitals. We also thank Ángel Zaballos and Pilar Jiménez from the Genomics Core Facility from Instituto de Salud Carlos III for their technical help with the microsatellite analysis technique

Oral chondroitin sulfate and prebiotics for the treatment of canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic enteropathy of unknown etiology, although microbiome dysbiosis, genetic susceptibility, and dietary and/or environmental factors are hypothesized to be involved in its pathogenesis. Since some of the current therapies are associated with severe side effects, novel therapeutic modalities are needed. A new oral supplement for long-term management of canine IBD containing chondroitin sulfate (CS) and prebiotics (resistant starch, β-glucans and mannaoligosaccharides) was developed to target intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, and restore normobiosis, without exhibiting any side effects. This double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in dogs with IBD aims to evaluate the effects of 180 days administration of this supplement together with a hydrolyzed diet on clinical signs, intestinal histology, gut microbiota, and serum biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. RESULTS Twenty-seven client-owned biopsy-confirmed IBD dogs were included in the study, switched to the same hydrolyzed diet and classified into one of two groups: supplement and placebo. Initially, there were no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05) for any of the studied parameters. Final data analysis (supplement: n = 9; placebo: n = 10) showed a significant decrease in canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) score in both groups after treatment (p < 0.001). After treatment, a significant decrease (1.53-fold; p < 0.01) in histologic score was seen only in the supplement group. When groups were compared, the supplement group showed significantly higher serum cholesterol (p < 0.05) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) levels after 60 days of treatment (p < 0.01), and the placebo group showed significantly reduced serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels after 120 days (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between groups at any time point for CIBDAI, WSAVA histologic score and fecal microbiota evaluated by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). No side effects were reported in any group. CONCLUSIONS The combined administration of the supplement with hydrolyzed diet over 180 days was safe and induced improvements in selected serum biomarkers, possibly suggesting a reduction in disease activity. This study was likely underpowered, therefore larger studies are warranted in order to demonstrate a supplemental effect to dietary treatment of this supplement on intestinal histology and CIBDAI