William Preyer y el origen del término Biomecánica

Many Biomechanics texts and courses begin with a historical introduction. This usually describes the contributions of a large number of people who, over many centuries, have been fundamental to the development of this science. In these presentations it is often stated that the term Biomechanik (Biomechanics) appears to have been used for the first time in 1887 by Dr. Moriz Benedikt, in Über Mathematische Morphologie und Biomechanik. However, this term was previously used by the physiologist William Preyer in 1873 and 1883. In this short article, we show these first mentions and frame them in the context of other terms, Biostatik (Biostatics) and Biodynamik (Biodynamics), used at that time. Finally, as a secondary result of the research, we found what could be the first textbook that specifically addresses Biomechanics as a new object of scientific knowledge.Muchos textos y cursos de Biomecánica comienzan con una introducción histórica. Esta suele describir las aportaciones de un gran número de personas que, a lo largo de muchos siglos, han sido fundamentales para el desarrollo de esta ciencia. En estas presentaciones se afirma a menudo que el término Biomechanik (Biomecánica) parece haber sido utilizado por primera vez en 1887 por el Dr. Moriz Benedikt, en Über Mathematische Morphologie und Biomechanik. Sin embargo, este término fue utilizado previamente por el fisiólogo William Preyer en 1873 y 1883. En este breve artículo, mostramos estas primeras menciones y las enmarcamos en el contexto de otros términos, Biostatik (Biostática) y Biodynamik (Biodinámica), utilizados en ese momento. Finalmente, como resultado secundario de la investigación, encontramos el que podría ser el primer libro de texto que aborde específicamente la Biomecánica como un nuevo objeto de conocimiento científico

Nuevos datos sobre la presencia de Coronopus navasii (Brassicaceae) en el Sistema Ibérico

New data concerning the presence of Coronopus navasii (Brassicaceae) in the Iberian System. Information on two new localities of Coronopus navasii Pau found in the Iberian System is provided. The conservation status of the species in this geographical area is discussed in the light of the last field work

Exploring Symmetry of Binary Classification Performance Metrics

Selecting the proper performance metric constitutes a key issue for most classification problems in the field of machine learning. Although the specialized literature has addressed several topics regarding these metrics, their symmetries have yet to be systematically studied. This research focuses on ten metrics based on a binary confusion matrix and their symmetric behaviour is formally defined under all types of transformations. Through simulated experiments, which cover the full range of datasets and classification results, the symmetric behaviour of these metrics is explored by exposing them to hundreds of simple or combined symmetric transformations. Cross-symmetries among the metrics and statistical symmetries are also explored. The results obtained show that, in all cases, three and only three types of symmetries arise: labelling inversion (between positive and negative classes); scoring inversion (concerning good and bad classifiers); and the combination of these two inversions. Additionally, certain metrics have been shown to be independent of the imbalance in the dataset and two cross-symmetries have been identified. The results regarding their symmetries reveal a deeper insight into the behaviour of various performance metrics and offer an indicator to properly interpret their values and a guide for their selection for certain specific applications.University of Seville (Spain) by Telefónica Chair “Intelligence in Networks

Salt Diapirs, Salt Brine Seeps, Pockmarks and Surficial Sediment Creep and Slides in the Canary Channel of NW Africa

Circular to elliptical mounds in the Canary Channel with reliefs of 75 to 375 m and diameters of 4 to 8 km partially surrounded by moats with reliefs of 25 to 75 m, were formed by piercement of the seafloor by Mesozoic evaporites. Several long gullies, <1 km wide, with abrupt terminations and pockmarks associated with these mounds were probably eroded by dense brine and hydrocarbon seeps. The salt brines that eroded the gullies were formed where salt diapirs intersect the seafloor, or in the subsurface by circulating ground water heated by igneous activity along the Canary Ridge. If the brines originated in the subsurface they reached the seafloor along faults. Displacement of the surficial sediments by sliding and creep is probably the result of the expulsion of hydrocarbons and/or vertical motion of the Mesozoic evaporites. Microtopographic features along or near the east flank of the Canary Ridge are the creation of uplift of the ridge, hydrothermal activity, mass wasting processes and turbidity currents.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

Discovery of distant RR Lyrae stars in the Milky Way using DECam

We report the discovery of distant RR Lyrae stars, including the most distant known in the Milky Way, using data taken in the $g-$band with the Dark Energy Camera as part of the High cadence Transient Survey (HiTS; 2014 campaign). We detect a total of 173 RR Lyrae stars over a ~120 deg^2 area, including both known RR Lyrae and new detections. The heliocentric distances d_H of the full sample range from 9 to >200 kpc, with 18 of them beyond 90 kpc. We identify three sub-groups of RR Lyrae as members of known systems: the Sextans dwarf spheroidal galaxy, for which we report 46 new discoveries, and the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies Leo IV and Leo V. Following an MCMC methodology, we fit spherical and ellipsoidal profiles of the form rho(R) ~ R^n to the radial density distribution of RR Lyrae in the Galactic halo. The best fit corresponds to the spherical case, for which we obtain a simple power-law index of n=-4.17^{+0.18}_{-0.20}, consistent with recent studies made with samples covering shorter distances. The pulsational properties of the outermost RR Lyrae in the sample (d_H>90 kpc) differ from the ones in the halo population at closer distances. The distribution of the stars in a Period-Amplitude diagram suggest they belong to Oosterhoff-intermediate or Oosterhoff II groups, similar to what is found in the ultra-faint dwarf satellites around the Milky Way. The new distant stars discovered represent an important addition to the few existing tracers of the Milky Way potential in the outer halo.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Supercell Convective Environments in Spain based on ERA5: Hail and Non-Hail Differences

Severe convective storms, in particular supercells, are occasionally responsible for a large number of property losses and damage in Spain. This paper aims to study the synoptic configurations and pre-convective environments in a dataset of 262 supercells during 2011–2020 in Spain. The events are grouped into supercells with hail (diameter larger than 5 cm) and without hail and the results are compared. ERA5 reanalysis is used to study the synoptic configurations and proximity atmospheric profiles related to the supercell events at the initial time. In addition, temperature, convective available potential energy, convective inhibition, lifting condensation level, level of free convection, height of freezing level, wind shear and storm-relative helicity are obtained for each event. Results show that supercells are more frequent on the Mediterranean coast during the warm season. Some of the variables analyzed present statistically significant differences between hail and non-hail events. In particular, supercells with hail are characterized by higher median values of most-unstable convective available potential energy than supercells without hail.This research has been supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant nos. PID2019‐105306RB‐I00, CGL2016-78702-C2-1-R, and CGL2016-78702-C2-2-R), the ECMWF Special Projects (grant nos. SPESMART and SPESVALE), the H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (grant no. 101019424), and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant nos. PRE2020-092343 and BES-2017-080025)

El mundo árabe hoy : entre inmovilismo y transformación

Estas son las actas del II Congreso de Cultura de Paz, titulado El mundo árabe hoy: entre inmovilismo y transformación, organizado por el Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos “Francisco de Vitoria” de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y UNESCO-Getafe, y celebrado en el Campus de Getafe de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid los días 12, 13 y 15 de noviembre de 2012.Ante los momentos convulsos que vive el Mundo Árabe y otros países en conflicto de Asía, África y América, el Centro UNESCO Getafe, consciente de la grave situación que viven los ciudadanos de estas zonas, consideró la urgente necesidad de estudiar, analizar y debatir, entre diferentes sectores de la sociedad, los motivos y causas que han llevado a un estado de guerra generalizada a estos países tan necesitados de orden, justicia y paz, y en los cuales sus ciudadanos son agredidos y privados de todos los derechos y libertades recogidos en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos y de otras resoluciones internacionales.Contiene: Prólogo / Martín Sánchez Gónzalez (p. VI). -- Revolución y contra-revolución en los países árabes : Un análisis sociopolítico / Gema Martín Muñoz (pp. 1-10). -- Diálogo transcivilizatorio, derechos humanos y derecho internacional / Carlos Fernández Liesa (pp. 11-21). -- Pluralismo religioso en el mundo árabe / Juan José Tamayo (pp. 23-31). -- Sunitas y Chiítas, dos caras de la misma moneda / Manuel González Hernández (pp. 33-39). -- La opción reformista : Marruecos / Ahmedou Ould Souilem (pp. 41-50). -- Un mal precedente…: la intervención en Libia y sus consecuencias en el conflicto sirio / Daniel Oliva Martínez (pp. 51-62). -- El cambio en Túnez y la extensión de las protestas árabes / Abdelaziz Abid (pp. 63-71). -- España y el Magreb Occidental en el nuevo contexto de cambios en el mundo árabe / Féliz Vacas Fernández (pp. 73-93)

Assessment of HARMONIE-AROME in the simulation of the convective activity associated to a subtropical transition using satellite data

Producción CientíficaSubtropical transition events (STT) are a challenge for forecasting and research due to the hybrid characteristics they give to the cyclones. The ability and skillfulness of the HARMONIE-AROME model to reproduce the cloud structure and convection associated to the October 2014 STT is here evaluated. Brightness temperature, cloud top height and accumulated precipitation are assessed against satellite data using traditional skill scores and object-based techniques specific to forecasting spatial evaluation. The results present differences in the simulation of the cyclone between the periods before and after the transition. They also show a very good performance of the model in the location of the events and a good simulation of the intensity of the variables. The performance is sub-optimal for the estimation of the sizes of the convective objects. Brightness temperature and cloud top heights yield very good results in general, with a slight overestimation in both cases. However, the model struggles to capture the accumulated precipitation. There is scarce work evaluating the HARMONIE-AROME model in this type of events; nevertheless, the results are in line with those produced by the simulations with other numerical models. The overall performance of the model is very adequate, although it might be hindered by the internal stability of the model produced by the deep-convection computation.Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2019-105306RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España - FPI program (PRE2020-092343