COUNTRY RISK: Economic Policy, Contagion Effect or Political noise?

The opening of the capital account was one of the important structural reforms implemented by Argentina. This liberalization increased the linkage of the real economy with the changing conditions of the international financial markets. In particular, recent data show a clear relation between interest rates and the business cycle on the one hand, and sovereign spreads on the other. In order to understand better these linkages, it is necessary to analyze the determinants of these spreads also known as country risk. Using monthly data for the period 1994 to 1998, we find that this spread is explained by: 1) growth expectations, 2) fiscal deficits, 3) the debt service to export ratio and its growth rate, 4) contagion effects, 5) external shocks including movements of international interest rates, and 6) political noise. Based on these findings, we offer a discussion of some of the policies that should be implemented in order for the spreads to start declining and for the country to eventually reach an "investment grade" rating for its sovereign bonds.

An estimate of necessary effort in the development of software projects

International Workshop on Intelligent Technologies for Software Engineering (WITSE'04). 19th IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (Linz, Austria, September 20th - 25th, 2004)The estimated of the effort in the development of software projects has already been studied in the field of software engineering. For this purpose different ways of measurement such as Unes of code and function points, generally addressed to relate software size with project cost (effort) have been used. In this work we are presenting a research project that deals with this field, us'mg machine learning techniques to predict the software project cost. Several public set of data are used. The analysed sets of data only relate the effort invested in the development of software projects and the size of the resultant code. For this reason, we can say that the data used are poor. Despite that, the results obtained are good, because they improve the ones obtained in previous analyses. In order to get results closer to reality we should find data sets of a bigger size that take into account more variables, thus offering more possibilities to obtain solutions in a more efficient way.Publicad

Potential control of forest diseases by solutions of chitosan oligomers, propolis and nanosilver

Producción CientíficaThere is a growing necessity to replace chemical agents with ecofriendly materials, arising from the impact on the environment and/or human health, which calls for the design of new broad-spectrum fungicides. In this work, chitosan oligomers (COs), propolis (Ps) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mixtures in solution were assessed to control the growth of different phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes in vitro. Binary solutions of COs-Ps and COs-AgNPs evinced the highest antifungal effect against Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia pinea fungi, respectively, with a ca. 80% reduction in their mycelial growth. The COs solution by itself also proved to be greatly effective against Gremmeniella abietina, Cryphonectria parasitica and Heterobasidion annosum fungi, causing a reduction of 78%, 86% and 93% in their growth rate, respectively. Likewise, COs also attained a 100% growth inhibition on the oomycete Phytophthora cambivora. On the other hand, Ps inhibited totally the growth of Phytophthora ×alni and Phytophthora plurivora. The application of AgNPs reduced the mycelial growth of F. circinatum and D. pinea. However, the AgNPs in some binary and ternary mixtures had a counter-productive effect on the anti-fungal/oomycete activity. In spite of the fact that the anti-fungal/oomycete activity of the different treatments showed a dependence on the particular type of microorganism, these solutions based on natural compounds can be deemed as a promising tool for control of tree diseases.European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST Action FP1406 PINESTRENGTH)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project AGL2015-69370-R

The Development of the Auction of the Personal Property of Isabella I of Castile

Pocos días antes de morir Isabel I de Castilla dictó su testamento, en el cual mandaba a sus testamentarios, encabezados por su esposo, que vendieran todos sus bienes para saldar sus deudas. Aunque la reina marcó un año natural como plazo límite, lo cierto es que el proceso de liquidación se prolongó por mucho más tiempo. En este trabajo presentamos la sucesión de las distintas fases a través de los documentos que emitió Fernando el Católico para formalizar la almoneda, conservados en el Archivo General de Simancas.Few days before her death, Isabel I of Castile made her last will and testament, in which she ordered the executors, headed by her husband, to sell all her goods in order to pay back her debts. Even though the queen determined that the deadline should be within the period of a calendar year, the fact is that the liquidation process extended during a much longer time. In this work we offer the sequence of the different phases, reflected in the documents that were issued by Fernando the Catholic to formalize the auction, which are conserved in the Archivo General de Simancas

Del fin'amors al neoplatonismo; amor y caballería en la narrativa caballeresca hispánica

El presente artículo analiza los distintos conceptos de amor que sustentan las tramas sentimentales en algunos textos caballerescos, desde determinadas obras artúricas hasta varios de los últimos libros de caballerías del Renacimiento español. Si bien suele aceptarse que en este tipo de literatura se siguen las normas del amor cortés, esta filosofía del amor no es la única que encontramos en la narrativa caballeresca. Resulta especialmente rico el mundo sentimental en los libros de caballerías españoles donde, junto a los modelos sentimentales del Amadís de Gaula, relacionados con el fin’ amors, se encuentran ecos de la filosofía neoplatónica. Ya en la obra de Feliciano de Silva los caballeros y damas describen su amor de manera parecida a como lo hacen los personajes de El Cortesano de Castiglione. En definitiva, con este estudio se pone en evidencia la enorme variedad de conceptos y actitudessentimentales en la narrativa caballeresca

Terra Ignota

La celebración persa de Yalda brinda la oportunidad de discutir la dinámica fenomenológica de lo Conocido (visible) y lo Desconocido (invisible). Se propone el concepto de Terra Ignota junto con los términos pararealidad y fuerza paratópica para enmarcar una interacción abierta con lo Desconocido y el suelo inesencial de lo Dado (llamado también holomovimiento) transformado por la actividad del tiempo. Este encuadre se realiza bajo un horizonte epistémico influenciado por G. W. Leibniz, Giorgio Agamben, Sigmund Freud, Cornelius Castoriadis, la filosofía india y Platón. Mi postulado es que puede alcanzarse una visión unificada de la realidad mediante modelos no duales de la realidad más allá de los sistemas de representación con identidades fijas.The Persian celebration of Yalda provides the opportunity to discuss the phenomenological dynamics of the Known (visible) and the Unknown (invisible). The concept of Terra Ignota is proposed along with the terms parareality and the paratopic force to frame an open interaction with the Unknown and the inessential ground of the Given (called also holomovement) transformed by the activity of time. This framing is performed under an epistemic horizon influenced by G. W. Leibniz, Giorgio Agamben, Sigmund Freud, Cornelius Castoriadis, Indian philosophy, and Plato. My postulate is that a unified vision of reality may be achieved through nondual models of reality beyond systems of representation with fixed identities.A celebração persa de Yalda oferece a oportunidade de discutir a dinâmica fenomenológica do Conhecido (visível) e do Desconhecido (invisível). O conceito de Terra Ignota é proposto juntamente com os termos pararealidade e força paratópica para enquadrar uma interação aberta com o Desconhecido e o terreno inessencial do Dado (chamado também holomovimento) transformado pela atividade do tempo. Este enquadramento é realizado sob um horizonte epistêmico influenciado por G. W. Leibniz, Giorgio Agamben, Sigmund Freud, Cornelius Castoriadis, filosofia indiana e Platão. Meu postulado é que uma visão unificada da realidade pode ser alcançada através de modelos não dualistas de realidade além de sistemas de representação com identidades fixas

Evolution of the Guadalquivir River Basin (Spain)

La Cuenca del Guadalquivir es una cuenca madura donde la oferta y la demanda de agua han ido creciendo a lo largo de los años hasta llegar a un punto en el que la oferta no puede crecer más, aunque la demanda potencial sigue creciendo. Esto ha llevado al cierre hidrológico y administrativo de la cuenca, lo que supone el compromiso de no aumentar la superficie de regadío salvo en casos muy puntuales, a veces supeditado a los ahorros de agua provenientes de la modernización del regadío. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la trayectoria que ha llevado al cierre de la cuenca a través del análisis de la oferta y la demanda del recurso. Finalmente se analizarán las opciones con las que cuentan los usuarios que quieran tener acceso al agua, que pasará por la adquisición de tierras con derechos de agua y posterior cambio de características concesionales. Ello es compatible con la normativa vigente, no incrementará la demanda y beneficiará a regantes y usuariosThe Guadalquivir River Basin is a mature basin where water supply and demand has been increasing over the time. The basin is in a point where the water supply can’t be increased, although the potential demand continues increasing. This situation has led to the hydrologic and administrative basin closure, which implies a commitment not to increase the irrigated area except in exceptional cases, sometimes subject to water savings from the irrigation modernization. The objective of this study is to analyze the path that has led to the closure of the basin through the analysis of water supply and demand. Finally, we will discuss the options users who want access to water have, which will pass through the acquisition of land with water rights and subsequent change in the concessional characteristics. This is consistent with current regulations, will not increase the water demand and will benefit farmers and user