Liver and intestinal protective effects of Castanea sativa Mill. bark extract in high-fat diet rats

The effects of Castanea sativa Mill. have been studied in high fat diet (HFD) overweight rats. Natural Extract of Chestnut bark (Castanea sativa Mill.) (ENC®), rich in ellagitannins, has been studied in 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats, divided in four groups. Two groups were controls: regular (RD) and HDF diet. Two groups received ENC®(20 mg/kg/day): RD + ENC®and HFD + ENC®. At baseline and at 7, 14 and 21 days, weight gain, serum lipids, plasma cytokines, liver histology, microsomial enzymes and oxidation, intestinal oxidative stress and contractility were studied. HFD increased body weight, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, induced hepatocytes microvescicular steatosis, altered microsomial, increased liver and intestinal oxidative stress, deranged intestinal contractility. In HFD-fed rats, ENC®exerted antiadipose and antioxidative activities and normalized intestinal contractility, suggesting a potential approach to overweight management associated diseases

A novel approach for tooth whitening : liposome-encapsulated reductant. In vitro efficacy studies and characterization of the treated teeth including synchrotron techniques

En aquesta tesi es conceptualitza, desenvolupa i optimitza un tractament blanquejant per a la seva aplicació a la cavitat oral, basat en un enfocament diferent a la oxidació. També s'estudien els seus efectes sobre l'estructura dental. Es va plantejar la hipòtesi que l'agent reductor metabisulfit de sodi (MBS) podia tenir una acció blanquejant sobre les taques de les dents, per saturació dels dobles enllaços conjugats. Com a prova de concepte, les reacció entre l'àcid tànnic (TA) i peròxid de carbamida (CP) o MBS es van monitoritzar durant 48 hores mesurant la seva absorbància, per tal de comparar els seus efectes blanquejants. Es va demostrar que l'efecte de blanquejant del MBS era més ràpid i superior el del CP. La reacció entre TA i MBS es va estudiar mitjançant voltametria cíclica, observant un augment progressiu de la intensitat del pic anòdic de TA en presència de MBS, demostrant que es produïa una reacció de reducció. A més, es va fer una prova in vitro amb dents de bovines tenyides amb TA per observar si el MBS exercia també un efecte de blanquejant també sobre les dents. L'efecte blanquejant de CP i MBS es va monitoritzar i comparar als 3, 9, 14 i 20 minuts, mitjançant colorimetria de superfície; el MBS va produir un blanqueig superior i més ràpid el CP, especialment als 3 minuts. Per evitar l'oxidació del MBS fins al seu contacte amb la dent, es va encapsular en liposomes de DPPC (liposomes MBS). En el model in vitro, es va observar que amb l'encapsulació els resultats de blanqueig milloraven als 3 minuts. Es va aplicar microscòpia confocal fluorescent per observar la interacció dels liposomes amb les dents; això va posar de manifest que els liposomes formaven una capa que envoltava la superfície de l'esmalt, millorant l'eficàcia del tractament afavorint la difusió del reductor cap a l'interior del mateix. Es va dur a terme un disseny experimental (DoE) per optimitzar les tres variables rellevants de la fomulació, és a dir, les concentracions de MBS i DPPC, i del pH. Es va fer servir la colorimetria de superfície per quantificar l'eficàcia blanquejant, juntament amb tècniques de profilometria i nanoindentació per quantificar els seus efectes sobre la superfície de l'esmalt. Els models lineals obtinguts es van utilitzar per obtenir la nova formulació optimitzada, anomenada NewT101. Aquesta es va comparar amb els tractaments estàndard (HP 35% i CP 16%) seguint les "directrius ISO 28399 - Productes per blanquejar dents externs". NewT101 va presentar un efecte blanqueajant comparable al de 35% d'HP. Finalment, es van estudiar les interaccions químiques la hidroxiapatita (HAP) de l'esmalt, amb els liposomes MBS i amb el CP. En primer lloc es va delimitar l'àrea d'estudi fent servir mesures de rigidesa contínua (CSM) per determinar la profunditat assolida pels tractaments. Després, es va aplicar la tècnica de Micro-Espectroscòpia d'Infraroig amb Transformada de Fourier acoplada a Llum Sinctrotró (SR-µFTIR) per tal d'obtenir una imatge química de la zona tractada. L'anàlisi de components principals (PCA) dels espectres va mostrar que les principals diferències entre tractaments es van trobàven en la intensitat del pic de fosfats ν3 PO43, degut a una desmineralització de les dents produïda per la naturalesa àcida del MBS; en el cas dels liposomes MBS, aquests canvis es van observar en regions més profundes de l'esmalt, suggerint que els liposomes afavoreixen la difusió de MBS a l'esmalt. També es va observar que els tractaments oxidant i reductor induïen desplaçaments contraris d'aquest pic, posant de manifest que CP i MBS promouen alteracions diferents en la estructura de la HAP.En esta tesis se conceptualiza, desarrolla y optimiza un tratamiento blanqueante para su aplicación en la cavidad oral, basado en un enfoque diferente a la oxidación. También se estudian sus efectos sobre la estructura dental. Se planteó la hipótesis de que el agente reductor metabisulfito de sodio (MBS) podía tener una acción blanqueante sobre las manchas de los dientes, por saturación de los dobles enlaces conjugados. Como prueba de concepto, las reacción entre ácido tánico (TA) y peróxido de carbamida (CP) o MBS se monitorizaron durante 48 horas midiendo su absorbancia, para comparar sus efectos blanqueantes. Se demostró que el efecto blanqueador del MBS era más rápido y superior el del CP. La reacción entre TA y MBS se estudió mediante voltametría cíclica, observando un aumento progresivo de la intensidad del pico anódico de TA en presencia de MBS, demostrando que se producía una reacción de reducción. Además, se hizo una prueba in vitro con dientes de vacunas teñidas con TA para observar si el MBS ejercía también un efecto de blanqueador también sobre los dientes. El efecto blanqueante de CP y MBS se monitorizó durante los 3, 9, 14 y 20 minutos, mediante colorimetría de superficie; el MBS produjo un blanqueo superior y más rápido el CP, especialmente a los 3 minutos. Para evitar la oxidación del MBS hasta su contacto con el diente, se encapsuló en liposomas de DPPC (liposomas MBS). En el modelo in vitro, se observó que con la encapsulación el efecto blanqueante mejoraba los 3 minutos. Se aplicó microscopía confocal de fluorescencia para observar la interacción de los liposomas con los dientes; esto puso de manifiesto que los liposomas formaban una capa que rodeaba la superficie del esmalte, mejorando la eficacia del tratamiento favoreciendo la difusión del reductor hacia el interior del mismo. Se llevó a cabo un diseño experimental (DoE) para optimizar las tres variables relevantes de la fomulación, es decir, las concentraciones de MBS y DPPC y el pH. Se utilizó la colorimetría de superficie para cuantificar la eficacia blanqueante, junto con técnicas de profilómetro y nanoindentación para cuantificar sus efectos sobre la superficie del esmalte. Los modelos lineales obtenidos se utilizaron para obtener la nueva formulación optimizada, llamada NewT101. Esta se comparó con los tratamientos estándar (HP 35% y CP 16%) siguiendo las "directrices ISO 28399 - Productos para blanquear dientes externos". NewT101 presentó un efecto blanqueajant comparable al de 35% de HP. Finalmente, se estudiaron las interacciones químicas la hidroxiapatita (HAP) del esmalte, con los liposomas MBS y con el CP. En primer lugar se delimitó el área de estudio utilizando medidas de rigidez continua (CSM) para determinar la profundidad alcanzada por los tratamientos. Después, se aplicó la técnica de Micro-Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo con Transformada de Fourier acoplada a Luz Sinctrotrón (SR-μFTIR) para obtener una imagen química de la zona tratada. El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) de los espectros mostró que las principales diferencias entre tratamientos se encontraban en la intensidad del pico de fosfatos ν3 PO43, debido a una desmineralización de los dientes producida por la naturaleza ácida del MBS; en el caso de los liposomas MBS, estos cambios se observaron en regiones más profundas del esmalte, sugiriendo que los liposomas favorecen la difusión de MBS al esmalte. También se observó que los tratamientos oxidante y reductor inducían desplazamientos contrarios de este pico, poniendo de manifiesto que CP y MBS promueven alteraciones diferentes en la estructura de la HAP.In this thesis, a treatment based on a different approach is conceptualized, developed and optimized for its application in the oral cavity. Also, its effects over the tooth structure are studied. It was hypothesized that the reducing agent sodium metabisulphite (MBS) had whitening action over the tooth stains, by saturation of the conjugated double bonds. As an example for the proof of concept, the reactions between a staining molecule tannic acid (TA) and carbamide peroxide (CP) and MBS were monitored for 48 hours by measuring its absorbance, in order to compare their different whitening effects. It was shown that MBS bleaching effect over time was faster and higher than CP's. The reaction between TA and MBS was studied by cyclic voltammetry; a progressive increase in the intensity of the TA anodic peak when MBS was present was observed, demonstrating that a reduction was taking place. In addition, an in vitro test using bovine teeth stained with TA was used to observe if MBS had whitening effects also on teeth. CP and MBS whitening performance (measured as ΔE) were monitored and compared over time (at 3, 9, 14 and 20 minutes) by surface colorimetry; MBS produced faster and higher whitening than CP, specially at 3 minutes. To avoid the oxidation of MBS until its contact with the tooth, it was encapsulated on DPPC liposomes (MBS liposomes). In the in vitro model, it was observed that the whitening results at 3 minutes were enhanced by the encapsulation. Fluorescent confocal microscopy was applied to observe the interaction of liposomes with teeth; it showed that, beyond protecting MBS from oxidation, liposomes formed a layer surrounding the enamel surface, enhancing the treatment efficacy by favoring the diffusion of the reductant towards the enamel. Afterward, an experimental design (DoE) was applied to optimize the three main variables of the formula, i.e., MBS and DPPC concentrations, as well as pH. To quantify its effects, surface colorimetry was used to evaluate the whitening effectiveness, along with profilometry and nanoindentation techniques to evaluate its effects on the enamel surface. The obtained linear models were used to obtain the optimized new formulation, named NewT101. This was compared with standard treatments (HP 35% and CP 16%) following the "ISO 28399 guidelines - Products for external tooth whitening". NewT101 presented a whitening performance comparable to HP 35%; also produced an increase in the surface roughness after 3 treatment sessions, but within the standard accepted limits. Finally, the chemical interactions between the enamel's mineral hydroxiapatite (HAP) with MBS liposomes and with CP were studied. To delimitate this area, Continuous Stiffness Measurements (CSM) were used to determine the depth reached by the treatments in order to delimitate the area of study. Subsequently, chemical imaging was performed using Synchrotron-based micro Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (SR-µFTIR) measurements in reflectance mode. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the collected spectra showed that the main differences between treatments were found in the intensity of the ν3 PO43- peak, due to a tooth demineralization produced by the acidic nature of MBS; this changes were observed in deeper regions of the enamel when MBS was encapsulated in liposomes, proposing that liposomes favour the diffusion of MBS into the enamel. It was also observed that the oxidant and reducing treatments induced counter shifts of this peak, meaning that CP and MBS promote different alterations in the HAP mineral strucure: MBS induced a bathocromic shift, pointing an elongation of the P-O bond of the phosphate group, while CP produced an hypsochromic shift, suggesting its shortening

Breaking the rules: tooth whitening by means of a reducing agent

Objectives: It is widely accepted that current tooth whitening treatment effect is based on the oxidizing action of peroxides, even if the mechanism of action remains still unclear. Treatments are claimed to be safe, but several secondary effects have been described, since long application times and high concentrations are needed. A faster whitening ingredient which permits the use of lower concentrations and shorter application times could potentially overcome this problem. In this work, a different approach based on a reducing agent, sodium metabisulfite (MBS), is explored. Materials and methods: The reaction between tannic acid (TA) with carbamide peroxide (CP), MBS, and potassium persulfate (PS), as an oxidizing agent, was monitored for 48 hours by measuring its absorbance, comparing their different whitening effects. The reduction process between TA and MBS was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. An in vitro test was used to observe if MBS whitens also stained teeth. Results: It is shown that MBS bleaching effect is faster and higher than CP’s effect over time. PS produced a darkening effect after the 3rd hour because of the strong absorbance of the oxidation metabolite. Cyclic voltammetry showed a progressive increase in the intensity of the TA anodic peak when MBS was present, demonstrating that a reduction is taking place. In vitro, MBS showed a faster whitening performance than CP, using lower concentrations. Conclusions: Using a TA solution as a staining model, it was possible to show that MBS has a visible bleaching effect through a reduction reaction, faster than CP, both in solution and in vitro. Low concentrations of MBS are effective in whitening. Clinical significance: This work shows MBS as a promising candidate to develop novel whitening treatments, which is acting by reducing mechanism instead of oxidation.Fil: Marquillas, Clara Babot. Gts, Department Of Chemistry, Faculty Of Chemistry, Uab; EspañaFil: Procaccini, Raul Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; ArgentinaFil: Malmagro, Manuel Valiente. Gts, Department Of Chemistry, Faculty Of Chemistry, Uab; EspañaFil: Sánchez-Martín, Maria-Jesús. Gts, Department Of Chemistry, Faculty Of Chemistry, Uab; Españ

Tooth whitening effects on dental enamel, oxidation or reduction? Comparison of physicochemical alterations in bovine enamel using Synchrotron-based Micro-FTIR

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSIC. This work was supported by the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona with the "Personal d'Investigació en Formació" scholarship. The SR-μFTIR experiment was performed at MIRAS beamline at ALBA Synchrotron (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain), with the collaboration of ALBA staff (Dr. Ibraheem Yousef ). This work has been funded by ALBA Synchrotron through granted proposals (grant references: 2017092361and 2017021987).Objectives: To compare the side effects of typical whitening treatments (by means of oxidation) compared to the new treatment developed by the authors through reduction. The aim is to provide information about the chemical interactions of the encapsulated reductant agent (metabisulfite, MBS) with the enamel structure compared with carbamide peroxide (CP) and to study their penetration in the hydroxyapatite (HAP) and the changes produced in the mineral and its hardness. Methods: Chemical imaging is performed by synchrotron-based micro Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (SR-µFTIR). Continuous Stiffness Measurements (CSM) were used to determine the depth reached by the treatments in order to delimitate the area of study. Results: The SR-µFTIR studies showed that MBS treatments softened the first 10 µm of enamel, as happens in the initial stages of tooth decay. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the main differences between treatments were found in the intensity of the ν PO peak related to tooth demineralization. CP and MBS promoted different changes in the HAP mineral, observed as opposite shifts of the peak: CP shortened the P-O bond while MBS seemed to elongate it. Moreover, MBS promoted the loss of carbonates while CP did not, which is probably related to the solution's pH. When comparing MBS and MBS Liposomes, it was observed how liposomes favoured the diffusion of MBS to inner layers, since the effects of MBS were observed in deeper enamel. Thus, the encapsulated MBS whitening effect is highly improved in terms of time when compared to MBS alone or CP. Significance: The obtained results indicated that using oxidizing (CP) or reducing (MBS) treatments, promote different HAP mineral changes, and that liposomes favour the diffusion of MBS into the enamel. It is the first time that synchrotron light is used to map the bovine incisor's enamel chemically, and to determine the effect of a whitening treatment in terms of chemical HAP modifications, and the extent in deep of these effects

Raphanus sativus cv. Sango Sprout Juice Decreases Diet-Induced Obesity in Sprague Dawley Rats and Ameliorates Related Disorders.

BACKGROUND:Obesity is recognized as a leading global health problem, correlated with an increased risk for several chronic diseases. One strategy for weight control management includes the use of vegetables rich in bioactive compounds to counteract weight gain, improve the antioxidant status and stimulate lipid catabolism. AIM OF THE STUDY:The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Raphanus sativus Sango sprout juice (SSJ), a Brassica extraordinarily rich in anthocyanins (AC) and isothiocyanates (ITCs), in a non-genetic model of obesity (high fat diet-HFD induced). METHODS:Control groups were fed with HFD or regular diet (RD). After a 10-week period, animals were assigned to experimental units and treated by gavage for 28 days as follows: HFD and RD control groups (rats fed HFD or RD and treated with vehicle only) and HFD-treated groups (rats fed HFD and treated with 15, 75 or 150 mg/kg b.w. of SSJ). Body weight and food consumption were recorded and serum lipid profile was measured (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids). Hepatic phase-I, phase-II as well as antioxidant enzymatic activities were assessed. RESULTS:SSJ lowered total cholesterol level, food intake and liver weight compared with HFD rodents. SSJ at medium dose proved effective in reducing body-weight (~19 g reduction). SSJ was effective in up-regulating the antioxidant enzymes catalase, NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, oxidised glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, which reached or exceeded RD levels, as well as the phase II metabolic enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (up to about 43%). HFD up-regulated almost every cytochrome P450 isoform tested, and a mild down-regulation to baseline was observed after SSJ intervention. CONCLUSION:This work reveals, for the first time, the antioxidant, hypolipidemic and antiobesity potential of SSJ, suggesting its use as an efficient new functional food/nutraceutical product

The combined effect of Sango sprout juice and caloric restriction on metabolic disorders and gut microbiota composition in an obesity model

The main purpose of this study was to compare the benefits of SSJ supplementation in obese rats with those achieved only by switching the alimentary regimen from high-fat (HFD) to the regular one (RD) in liver, ileum and prostate. Furthermore, changings in caecal chime microbiota were investigated. SSJ was administered to rats in combination with a RD (HFD-RD + SSJ). The switch from HFD to RD led to a weight loss of almost 9.8 g, and the total cholesterol was found to be significantly lower. In the HFD-RD + SSJ group, all values were improved compared with the HFD control, and the weight decrement was higher (−23.29 g) with respect to HFD-RD. HFD led to a widespread increment of oxidative stress (OS) markers in liver, ileum and prostate. SSJ has shown to improve the results achieved by the suspension of HFD and it has proven effective wherever the only switch in diet regimen failed

Effects of <i>Raphanus sativus</i> cv. Sango sprout juice (SSJ) on bodyweight gain/loss, liver weight, and daily food intake of male rats with obesity induced by high fat-diet (HFD).

<p>Effects of <i>Raphanus sativus</i> cv. Sango sprout juice (SSJ) on bodyweight gain/loss, liver weight, and daily food intake of male rats with obesity induced by high fat-diet (HFD).</p

Effects of <i>Raphanus sativus</i> cv. Sango sprout juice (SSJ) on lipid profile in the serum of male rats with obesity induced by high fat-diet (HFD).

<p>Effects of <i>Raphanus sativus</i> cv. Sango sprout juice (SSJ) on lipid profile in the serum of male rats with obesity induced by high fat-diet (HFD).</p

Effects of <i>Raphanus sativus</i> cv. Sango sprout juice (SSJ) on phase I enzyme activities in the liver of male rats with obesity induced by high fat-diet (HFD).

<p>Effects of <i>Raphanus sativus</i> cv. Sango sprout juice (SSJ) on phase I enzyme activities in the liver of male rats with obesity induced by high fat-diet (HFD).</p