Crescimento econômico e grau de desigualdade no Rio Grande do Sul: uma lição a partir dos anos noventa

<div align="justify">Empregando uma base de dados municipal, o principal objetivo do estudo foi investigar se houve diferenças significativas no crescimento econômico e no grau de desigualdade entre as regiões Norte, Nordeste e Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sulna década de 1990. Os resultados indicam a existência de diferenças significativas no crescimento e no grau de desigualdade entre a região Nordeste e as duas demais regiões do Estado. É possível, com esses resultados, identificar certa hierarquia interregionalpara o crescimento econômico e para o grau de desigualdade. A correlação negativa entre crescimento e grau de desigualdade é significativa e foi detectada pela estimação da matriz de correlação e pelo teste de correlação de Spearman.<br><br>Abstract The main task of this paper is to investigate whether there were significantdifferences between the three regions of Rio Grande do Sul state – North, South, and Northeast – relating the economic growth and the degree of inequality during 1990 decade. It was employed the ANOVA one way and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results suggest that significant differences between the Northeast and the other two regions studied taking economic growth and the degree of inequality took place. The significant inverse correlation between economic growth and inequality was detected by the correlation matrix and Spearman’s correlation coefficient estimates.</div

TESTING ABSOLUTE PPP HYPOTHESIS FOR TWENTY COUNTRIES THROUGH THE SKELETON FROM A SETAR MODEL: SOME NEW EVIDENCE

In this study, the long run PPP hypothesis was tested considering real effective exchange rate dataset for twenty countries provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). By focusing on a nonlinear approach, the study tests IMF monthly dataset for specific nonlinearity. Additionally, the study presents a method to estimate the value that real exchange rate may converge in the long run. Linear and nonlinear cases were distinguished by the Hansen’s test. The Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive (Setar) model was applied to estimate potential thresholds to indicate the states turning points of the countries competitiveness. Results suggest that real exchange rate for thirteen countries are highly nonlinear and subjected to regime switching. The asymptotic stability analysis guarantees the data stationarity behavior. Absolute PPP hypothesis was supported in five out of thirteen cases. In these few cases the real exchange rate converges to a stable equilibrium not far from the value predicted by the PPP hypothesis.In this study, the long run PPP hypothesis was tested considering real effective exchange rate dataset for twenty countries provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). By focusing on a nonlinear approach, the study tests IMF monthly dataset for specific nonlinearity. Additionally, the study presents a method to estimate the value that real exchange rate may converge in the long run. Linear and nonlinear cases were distinguished by the Hansen’s test. The Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive (Setar) model was applied to estimate potential thresholds to indicate the states turning points of the countries competitiveness. Results suggest that real exchange rate for thirteen countries are highly nonlinear and subjected to regime switching. The asymptotic stability analysis guarantees the data stationarity behavior. Absolute PPP hypothesis was supported in five out of thirteen cases. In these few cases the real exchange rate converges to a stable equilibrium not far from the value predicted by the PPP hypothesis

Avaliação de densidades para a previsão dos retornos das ações da Petrobras

The primary issue of shares may be an important source of funding for the creation of productive capacity, particularly in an oligopolistic environment with limited bank credit. In addition to favoring the accumulation of capital of the company, with low monetary costs, it allows the reduction of corporate debt (expensive) with the banking sector. In the context of oil discoveries in the Brazil, and on the technological challenges and the need for new investment in fixed capital derived thereof, many primary issues were made and the stock market showed great volatility and unpredictability in the last decade . The objective was to test three densities of probability to predict the odds of daily stock returns (PETR4) Petrobras traded on BOVESPA, from the daily closing prices for the period 26.06.2000 to 17.04.2012. The candidate density functions were Normal, Logistic and Cauchy. The adherence test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov suggests that the Logistic density is the one that best describes the probability of stock returns of Petrobras. The results indicate that the trader can obtain a profitability daily positive probability 0.5130271 and a yield greater than 5% per month with a probability of 0.4698542.A emissão primária de ações pode ser uma importante fonte de financiamento para a criação de capacidade produtiva, em particular, em um ambiente de oligopólio com limitado crédito bancário. Além de favorecer a acumulação de capital da empresa, com baixos custos monetários, permite a redução do endividamento empresarial (de alto custo) junto ao setor bancário. No contexto das descobertas de petróleo na camada pré-sal da Bacia de Santos, dos desafios tecnológicos e da necessidade de novos investimentos daí derivados, muitas emissões primárias foram realizadas pela Petrobras e o mercado apresentou grande volatilidade e imprevisibilidade na última década. O objetivo do artigo foi testar três densidades de probabilidade para prever as probabilidades dos retornos das ações (PETR4) da Petrobras negociadas na BOVESPA a partir dos preços diários de fechamento no período de 26.06.2000 a 17.04.2012. As densidades candidatas foram a Normal, a Logística e a Cauchy. O teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov sugere que a densidade Logística é a que melhor descreve a probabilidade dos retornos das ações da Petrobras. Os resultados indicam que se pode obter com probabilidade de 0,5130271 uma rentabilidade diária positiva, e, com uma probabilidade de 0,4698542 uma rentabilidade maior que 5% ao mês

Experimental Model of Zymosan-Induced Arthritis in the Rat Temporomandibular Joint: Role of Nitric Oxide and Neutrophils

Aims. To establish a new model of zymosan-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis in the rat and to investigate the role of nitric oxide. Methods. Inflammation was induced by an intra-articular injection of zymosan into the left TMJ. Mechanical hypernociception, cell influx, vascular permeability, myeloperoxidase activity, nitrite levels, and histological changes were measured in TMJ lavages or tissues at selected time points. These parameters were also evaluated after treatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors L-NAME or 1400 W. Results. Zymosan-induced TMJ arthritis caused a time-dependent leucocyte migration, plasma extravasation, mechanical hypernociception, and neutrophil accumulation between 4 and 24 h. TMJ immunohistochemical analyses showed increased inducible NOS expression. Treatment with L-NAME or 1400 W inhibited these parameters. Conclusion. Zymosan-induced TMJ arthritis is a reproducible model that may be used to assess both the mechanisms underlying TMJ inflammation and the potential tools for therapies. Nitric oxide may participate in the inflammatory temporomandibular dysfunction mechanisms

Parasitological inquiry in dogs with guardians in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (2013-2019)

Cães são hospedeiros reservatórios de espécies de helmintos e protozoários e a coabitação com humanos desempenha um papel fundamental na transmissão zoonótica. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar a prevalência de helmintos e protozoários intestinais e estabelecer os principais endoparasitos em cães domiciliados da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Amostras fecais foram coletadas de 1400 cães durante os anos de 2013-2019 e analisadas no Laboratório de Helmintoses da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. No total, 316 (22,6%) amostras foram positivas ao menos para um gênero parasitário, com taxas de 62,4%, 43,8%, 23,8%, 14,6%, 8,8%, 18,3% e 30,8%, respectivamente para os anos de 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 e 2019. A taxa de positividade para cães monoinfectados foi de 86,4% (273/316) e de 13,6% (43/316) para poliparasitados, com destaque para Ancylostoma spp. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de melhorar os programas de controle de parasitos intestinais para proteger cães e humanos e a necessidade de aumentar o conhecimento dos tutores de cães sobre o assunto.Dogs a reservoir hosts for helminth and protozoan species and cohabitation with humans plays a key role in zoonotic transmission. The aim of this study is to report the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa and stablish the principal endoparasites in domestic dogs in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Fecal samples were collected from 1400 dogs during the years 2013-2019 and analyzed at the Helminths Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. In total, 316 (22,6%) samples were positive for the least one parasite genus, with rates of 62,4%, 43,8%, 23,8%, 14,6%, 8,8%, 18,3% and 30,8%, respectively for the years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The positivity rate for monoinfected dogs was 86,4% (273/316) and 13,6% (43/316) for polyparasited dogs, especially Ancylostoma spp. The results reinforce the need to improve intestinal parasite control programs to protect dogs and humans and the need to increase the knowledge of dog tutors on the subject

Current stage of development of GTL technology and perspectives for Brazil

Although the production of liquid fuels from coal, natural gas (CTL and GTL processes) and other carbon sources has been discovered 90 years ago, the interest was renewed in the last years motivated by stranded gas reserves and by petroleum market instability. This review intends to show the scenario of these technologies nowadays, discussing the applied technologies, the steps in an industrial plant, the ways to produce syngas and liquid fuels, the catalysts used, the type of reactors and the operating plants with their respective capacities, besides the technical, economical and environmental viability, challenges and perspectives for Brazil

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Política monetária em ambiente de integração financeira : aspectos teóricos e cenários alternativos para a economia brasileira, 1995-2015

Nos últimos anos a discussão acerca da autonomia da política monetária esteve polarizada entre dois grupos de autores. Baseados numa concepção arqueológica da moeda (Cencini, 1997), alguns afirmam que os Bancos Centrais, diante da integração entre os mercados financeiros, teriam perdido a autonomia para praticar políticas monetárias em favor do crescimento econômico. Em contraste, outro grupo de autores sustenta que mesmo no atual contexto de “perfeita mobilidade do capital”, sob certas condições, a autoridade monetária conserva amplos graus de liberdade para definir o nível da taxa de juros doméstica, em qualquer contexto considerado. O objetivo principal do estudo é analisar teoricamente a questão da autonomia da política monetária nos termos em que a mesma vem sendo discutida na atualidade, e subseqüentemente, através de um modelo macroeconômico de simulação, examinar as conseqüências de uma política de juros alternativa àquela que o Banco Central do Brasil vem adotando. Constatou-se que em uma economia de mercado, em que muitos insumos produtivos são reproduzíveis, incluindo a força de trabalho e os bens de capital, emerge uma relação definida entre a dimensão do consumo produtivo da força de trabalho, visando a preservação das condições materiais da economia, e a magnitude dos meios de pagamento existentes: os meios de pagamento podem ser criados e destruídos no sistema bancário por causa do pagamento de salários aos trabalhadores, sob demanda das empresas. Sob essa ótica há certa dificuldade analítica para se conceber os meios de pagamento exogenamente determinados. Ao contrário, o caráter institucional, discricionário da taxa monetária de juros segue simples e logicamente. O mercado financeiro atua no sentido de restaurar a liquidez das empresas de negócios facilitando a liquidação de seus empréstimos passados junto aos bancos comerciais. Através da aplicação de um modelo macroeconômico de simulação dois cenários alternativos foram gerados para os próximos oito anos de política (2008-2015). No cenário de mudança uma política de redução progressiva da taxa de juros para o patamar de 3,66% ao ano resulta em uma taxa de inflação muito similar ao cenário de continuidade, caracterizado por uma taxa de juros de 15,39% ao ano. Porém, no primeiro caso ocorre um aumento substancial no crescimento da capacidade produtiva da economia com uma taxa cambial mais competitiva, que estaria situada, em média, em R$/US$ 2,51. Por outro lado, no cenário de continuidade a perda anual, em média, no acréscimo da capacidade produtiva da economia é de 7,44%, associada a uma taxa cambial não competitiva, que em média estaria situada em R$/US$ 2,35. A estabilidade de preços foi preservada em todos os cenários.In recent years several authors have questioned the power of monetary authority to fix domestic money rate of interest at lower levels of their neighbors. The main reason would be the increasing financial integration of markets, and their “capital flows”. The “Flow Theory” (Branson, 1970) asserts that in a world where capital is perfectly mobile the power of Central Bank would be reduced at minimal levels, because of the exogenous character of money. So, active monetary policies to attain and maintain full employment would be not possible in that world, as a low and still positive interest rate. The aim of this study is to evaluate theoretical and empirically this claim for a market economy, considering the case of Brazilian economy. The main theoretical conclusion does not confirm that claim. On the contrary, in a market economy where several inputs are reproducible, including labor force and capital equipment, a definite relation comes about between the length of productive consumption, to guarantee material conditions of the economy, and means of payment: immaterial means of payment can be created and destroyed by banks because of wages, on demand of enterprises in money market. In this way there are some analytical difficulties to conceive money as a stock of wealth, as a material and exogenous object. Yet, the institutional and conventional character of money rate of interest, in any context, follows simple and direct because of the social and circular nature of production. The power of monetary authority is reinforced this way. By applying a macroeconomic simulation model designed to Brazilian economy to investigate the effect of an interest rate at an international level over the accumulation rate, inflation and exchange rate, alternative scenarios were obtained to the next eight years of policy (2008-2015). The main results suggest that if Central Bank would decide to fix the money rate of interest at 3,66% per year, the accumulation rate would be substantially greater and the exchange rate would stabilize around R$/US$ 2,51. But, if the monetary authority chooses to fix politically a higher rate, say 15,39% per year, the accumulation rate would be substantially lower and the exchange rate would be around R$/US$ 2,35 for the next eight years. The stable prices were maintained in all scenarios. There is no trade-off between growth and stability. So, the best choice of monetary authority would be a low but still positive money rate of interest to permit a greater production level and competitiveness at international arena

O MERCADO PUBLICITÁRIO NO BRASIL E SEUS DETERMINANTES MACROECONÔMICOS: UM ESTUDO A PARTIR DO PRINCÍPIO DA CONSTÂNCIA RELATIVA

In recent years, the growth of the Brazilian advertising market is remarkable. However there are few studies that seek a broader understanding of this dynamic. Traditionally, the Principle of Relative Constancy (PCR) is used, which establishes a relationship between the performance of GDP and advertising expenditures. For the period analyzed (1997-2010), the PCR did not find empirical support. For further analysis, we used the Principal Components Analysis in order to measure the influence of other macroeconomic factors on the performance of the Brazilian advertising market. The results suggest that the dynamics of domestic/external (associated with industrial expansion and falling unemployment) explains 41% of the total variability of the data, that being the main explanation for the expenditure on advertising in the period.Nos últimos anos, o crescimento do mercado publicitário brasileiro é notável, contudo não se encontram estudos que busquem uma compreensão mais ampla dessa dinâmica. Tradicionalmente, emprega-se o Principio da Constância Relativa (PCR), o qual estabelece uma relação entre o desempenho do PIB e os gastos com propaganda. Para o período analisado (1997-2010), o PCR não encontrou suporte empírico. Para aprofundar a análise, empregou-se a Análise de Componentes Principais a fim de mensurar a influência de outros fatores macroeconômicos sobre o desempenho do mercado publicitário brasileiro. Os resultados sugerem que a dinâmica do mercado interno/externo (associado à expansão industrial e à queda do desemprego) explica 41% da variabilidade total dos dados, constituindo a principal explicação para as despesas em propaganda no período