Comprensión de textos como una situación de solución de problemas

La investigación en la comprensión de textos ha dado detalles de cómo las características del texto y los procesos cognitivos interactúan con el fin de consituir la comprensión y generar significado. Sin embargo, no existe un vínculo explícito entre los procesos cognitivos desplegados durante la comprensión de textos y su lugar en la cognición de orden superior, como en la resolución de problemas. El propósito de este trabajo es proponer un modelo cognitivo en el que la comprensión de textos se hace similar a una resolución de problemas y la situación que se basa en la investigación actual sobre los procesos cognitivos conocidos como la generación de la inferencia, la memoria y las simulaciones. La característica clave del modelo es que incluye explícitamente la formulación de las preguntas como un componente que aumenta la potencia de representación. Otras características del modelo se especifican y sus extensiones a la investigación básica y en la comprensión de textos y de orden superior los procesos cognitivos se describen aplican.Research in text comprehension has provided details as to how text features and cognitive processes interact in order to build comprehension and generate meaning. However, there is no explicit link between the cognitive processes deployed during text comprehension and their place in higher-order cognition, as in problem solving. The purpose of this paper is to propose a cognitive model in which text comprehension is made analogous to a problem solving situation and that relies on current research on well-known cognitive processes such as inference generation, memory, and simulations. The key characteristic of the model is that it explicitly includes the formulation of questions as a component that boosts representational power. Other characteristics of the model are specified and its extensions to basic and applied research in text comprehension and higher-order cognitive processes are outlined.Fil: Marmolejo Ramos, Fernando. University of Adelaide; AustraliaFil: Yomha Cevasco, Jazmin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

A simple method for the detection of outliers

This article presents a simple and efficient method to detect multiple outliers using a modification of the Akaike's Information Criterion. The proposed method is exemplified using various examples and implemented in the statistical package R. The core features of the method are that it depends on simple computations, it does not depend on traditional p values, and it signals the absence of outliers. The proposed procedure is applicable to analyse data in all sciences

Getting the most from your curves: Exploring and reporting data using informative graphical techniques

Most psychological research employs tables to report descriptive and inferential statistics. Unfortunately, those tables often misrepresent critical information on the shape and variability of the datas distribution. In addition, certain information such as the modality and score probability density is hard to report succinctly in tables and, indeed, not reported typically in published research. This paper discusses the importance of using graphical techniques not only to explore data but also to report it effectively. In so doing, the role of exploratory data analysis in detecting Type I and Type II errors is considered. A small data set resembling a Type II error is simulated to demonstrate this procedure, using a conventional parametric test. A potential analysis routine to explore data is also presented. The paper proposes that essential summary statistics and information about the shape and variability of data should be reported via graphical techniques

Concepciones de profesores de bachillerato sobre la demostración de la geometría escolar

Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de las investigaciones sobre las concepciones del profesor de matemáticas y de aquellas relacionadas con las prácticas de la demostración en el aula. Se busca con este proyecto reportar concepciones que evidencian profesores de Bachillerato sobre la demostración en la Geometría escolar, teniendo como referencia significativa para el análisis las funciones de la demostración que establece De Villiers (1993)

La formación en competencias ciudadanas en el preescolar

El escrito propone una estrategia para formar a niños de edad preescolar en competencias ciudadanas basada en elementos propios de la psicología del lenguaje y del desarrollo en relación con este nivel de escolaridad. Para argumentar la propuesta se retoman los lineamientos ofrecidos desde políticas educativas acerca de la formación en estas competencias, haciendo hincapié en dos de sus componentes: los procesos cognitivos y el manejo de las emociones. Se propone el trabajo con textos narrativos como una vía apropiada para poner en evidencia la comprensión que alcanzan los niños frente a las competencias ciudadanas. Por último se presentan elementos de intervención pedagógica basada en hallazgos hechos desde la psicología y que pueden ser empleados por quienes están encargados de la formación de niños pequeños.This paper shows a potential way to train preschoolers in citizenship competences by gathering foundations from psychology of language and socio-cognitive development appropriate for this group of age. To sustain this proposal there are stated ideas coming from educational politics about what is essential to citizenship competences, stressing specialty its cognitive processes and emotional components. Working with narrative texts is proposed as the best form to disclose children comprehension about this matter. Finally, there are presented some suggestions based in psychopedagogical basis to use in school settings

A call to arms: time to do cognitive science in Latin America

Previous theoretical reviews about the development of Psychology in Latin America suggest that Latin American psychology has a promising future. This paper empirically checks whether that status remains justified. In so doing, the frequency of programs/research domains in three salient psychological areas is assessed in Latin America and in two other regions of the world. A chi-square statistic is used to analyse the collected data. Programs/research domains and regions of the world are the independent variables and frequency of programs/research domains per world region is the dependent variable. Results suggest that whereas in Latin America the work on Social/Organizational Psychology is moving within expected parameters, there is a rather strong focus on Clinical/Psychoanalytical Psychology. Results also show that Experimental/Cognitive Psychology is much underestimated. In Asia, however, the focus on all areas of psychology seems to be distributed within expected parameters, whereas Europe outperforms regarding Experimental/Cognitive Psychology research. Potential reasons that contribute to Latin Americas situation are discussed and specific solutions are proposed. It is concluded that the scope of Experimental/Cognitive Psychology in Latin America should be broadened into a Cognitive Science research program

Automatic detection of discordant outliers via the Ueda's method

The importance of identifying outliers in a data set is well known. Although variousoutlier detection methods have been proposed in order to enable reliable inferencesregarding a data set, a simple but less known method has been proposed by Ueda(1996/2009). Since this new method, called Uedas method, has not been systematicallyanalysed in previous research, a simulation study addressing its performance androbustness is presented. Although the method was derived assuming that theunderlying data is normally distributed, its performance was analysed using data fromvarious outlier-prone distributions commonly found in several research fields. Theresults obtained enable us to define the strengths and weaknesses of the methodalong with its limits of applicability. Furthermore, an unforeseen field of application ofthe method, which requires further studies was also identified

The comprehension of emotions in narrative texts : The role of embodied knowledge

"This work explores how current embodied theories of cognition can account for the comprehension of narrative texts. Theoretically, this thesis develops a framework for the study of narrative text comprehension by linking current advances in embodied theories of cognition, discourse processing, and neurosciences. Experimentally, two experiments are reported in which participants were required to read passages of text implying emotional states. The coherence of critical sentences in relation to the preceding text was manipulated in terms of both the emotional adjectives used and the sensory-motor component. In the first experiment, three tasks were used to index the effect of the manipulations on the critical sentences. The first was an on-line naming task in which response times to name emotional labels which matched the implied emotional state of the texts were recorded. [...] The second experiment used backward masking in the naming task with the aim of providing a more sensitive index of the effect of the text manipulations on on-line processing."Master of Applied Science by researc

La importancia de las etiquetas EPC sobre las preferencias residenciales: un análisis para Barcelona

En España la Directiva Europea de Eficiencia Energética se ha traspuesto con retraso y ha coincidido de pleno con la crisis inmobiliaria. Por tanto, el análisis de las preferencias de los hogares en relación a la eficiencia energética medida a través de las energy performance certificates es difícil. Para salvar este escollo, en este trabajo utilizamos métodos afiliados a las preferencias declaradas para analizar hasta qué punto la eficiencia energética constituye un atributo relevante en la elección residencial. Los resultados sugieren que si los hogares son informados sobre las repercusiones económicas y ambientales en unidades ilustrativas comprensibles entonces es posible que la política energética tenga los efectos esperados en el mercado inmobiliario; y, por ende, que se forme una sobredisposición a pagar por las viviendas más eficientes.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version