Vulnerabilidade, autonomia e ética em pesquisa

This article of bibliographical revision argues the vulnerability concept that, initially, was used from the epidemic of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and today is widely used by diverse areas of sciences of the health and public health, underlining that all vulnerability involves an unstable condition and a possibility. The vulnerability concept is presented under these various views, resuming their common acceptations: everyone is vulnerable to something and the gauging of the vulnerability of somebody is only possible of being effected by comparison with another one, in similar conditions. The vulnerability definition is introduced under the bioethics perspective, related to the philosophic conception as well as those that emerge from the social science analysis. Exemplifies by demonstrating that a population that suffers privation; that is without its basic requirements for its physical, mental and social welfare provided, is an excluded population, fulfilling consequently the bioethics definition of vulnerability. The authors discuss about other groups of individuals also considered as vulnerable, among them are those that had never had capacity to decide, the ones that has not yet age for deciding, and those that had lost the capacity of deciding in consequence of an illness. This study argues the vulnerability definition related to ethical aspects of the research involving human beings, based on the concept of autonomy, the real risk of the exploration of individuals and unprotected populations, the relevancy or not of its participation, the identification of conditioning factors of the vulnerability related to the election of these participants, the regulations and guide lines in order to protect the citizen of the inquiry. As a conclusion, the importance of the vulnerability concept is reinforced, mainly to the application by the State as well as by the researchers in benefit of the research subjects.Este artigo de revisão bibliográfica discute o conceito de vulnerabilidade, que, inicialmente, foi utilizado a partir da epidemia da Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids) e é hoje amplamente utilizado por diversas áreas das ciências da saúde e saúde pública, sublinhando que toda vulnerabilidade envolve uma condição instável e uma possibilidade. Apresenta o conceito de vulnerabilidade nessas diversas óticas, sintetizando a acepção comum a elas: todos são vulneráveis a algo e a aferição da vulnerabilidade de alguém só é passível de ser efetuada por comparação com outro, em condições semelhantes. Insere a definição de vulnerabilidade segundo a perspectiva da bioética, relacionada à conceituação filosófica e a que emerge da análise das ciências sociais. Exemplifica demonstrando que uma população que sofre privação, que está à margem dos requisitos básicos para seu bem estar físico, mental e social é uma população excluída, sendo, portanto, definida pela bioética como vulnerável. Discorre sobre outros grupos que também são considerados vulneráveis, sejam aqueles que nunca tiveram capacidade para decidir, sejam os que ainda não tem idade para tanto ou aqueles que perderam a capacidade por doença. Apresenta também a definição de vulnerabilidade relacionada aos aspectos éticos da pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, pautada no conceito de autonomia, no risco real da exploração de indivíduos e populações desprotegidas, na pertinência ou não de sua participação, na identificação de fatores determinantes e condicionantes da vulnerabilidade relacionados à seleção desses participantes, nas regulamentações e diretrizes que visam proteger o sujeito da investigação. Conclui reiterando que a bioética mostra efetivamente a importância do conceito de vulnerabilidade e, especialmente de sua aplicação pelo Estado e pesquisadores em prol dos sujeitos de pesquisa

O NINHO VAZIO: A DESIGUALDADE NO ACESSO À PROCRIAÇÃO NO BRASIL E A BIOÉTICA

The problem of access to new reprodutive technologies (NRT) by low income populations is discussed by the authors, that point to important bioethical issues. Written media events, the Resolução Conselho Federal de Medicina - CFM no 1.358/92 (CFM Resolution), and the ethical principles of autonomy and justice were used to highlight the subject discussion. The lack of a thorough ethical and legal debate; the need of finding solutions to the State omission, as far as those populations are concerned; as well as ethical faults commited by doctors in public institutions, were disclosed.Os autores abordam a problemática do acesso da população de baixa renda às novas tecnologias de reprodução (NTR) apontando para as importantes questões bioéticas implicadas. Foram utilizados fatos veiculados pela mídia escrita, a Resolução Conselho Federal de Medicina - CFM no. 1.358/92 e os princípios éticos da autonomia e da justiça para a discussão do tema. A reflexão feita revela a carência de um debate ético e jurídico aprofundado e a necessidade de encontrar soluções para colocarmos fim à omissão do Estado em relação a esta população e aos deslizes éticos cometidos pelos médicos em instituições públicas

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption and Substrate Oxidation Following High-Intensity Interval Training: Effects of Recovery Manipulation

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(2): 1151-1165, 2021. The recovery manipulation during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may have the potential to modulate the responses of post-exercise energy metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the type (i.e., passive and active) and duration (i.e., short and long) of the recovery between the intervals in HIIT affect the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and oxidation of fats and carbohydrates during the post-exercise recovery. Eight physically active men performed a maximal incremental test, to determine the peak oxygen consumption (O2peak) and the first ventilatory threshold (VT), and four HIIT exercise sessions on a treadmill. The HIIT exercise sessions consisted of 5 intervals interspersed with 4 recovery periods; each interval was sustained until exhaustion, and the intensity was set at the O2peak velocity; recoveries were passive, active (VT velocity), short (2-min), or long (8-min). The HIIT exercise sessions were performed in a random and crossed manner. After the HIIT exercise sessions, EPOC and oxidation of fats and carbohydrates were measured during the 120-min of post-exercise recovery. There were no differences in the EPOC among the exercise sessions (p = 0.56). There were no differences among the exercise sessions in the amount of energy expended on the oxidation of fats (p = 0.78) and carbohydrates (p = 0.91) during the post-exercise recovery. The recovery manipulation during HIIT does not affect the EPOC and post-exercise fat and carbohydrate oxidation. One can choose the type and duration of recovery, knowing that the post-exercise substrate oxidation and EPOC responses will be preserved

Thermal degradation kinetics and lifetime prediction of cellulose biomass cryogels reinforced by its pyrolysis waste

Degradation kinetics is an important tool in order to understand and improve energy conversion and the final application of a material. Cellulose cryogels (CC) are a new class of materials that can be reinforced by several types of particle, including biochar. Apart from it, degradation kinetics and lifetime prediction of biomass cellulose cryogels reinforced by cellulose pyrolysis waste (BC) has been investigated using TG techniques and iso-conversional model free methods. Additionally, the same study was applied to cellulose cryogels reinforced by graphene nanoplatelets (NPG) to compare the behavior of a filler from waste (BC) and a noble filler (NPG). Furthermore, the influence of the addition of the fillers into the cellulose biomass were evaluated in terms of thermal stability and crystallinity. BC and GNP led to higher values of activation energies (Ea) calculated from model-free isoconversional methods and all samples degraded in two-steps. Finally, lifetime prediction was successfully applied and the CC cryogel became more stable over time, maintaining almost 80% of the mass for 1 year exposed at 180 °C. The results of this study shown that only cellulose biomass cryogels are more suitable to produce thermal insulators due to it higher thermal stability

Acute physiological and affective responses in postmenopausal women during prescribed and self-selected aerobic exercise

Few elderly meet current physical activity (PA) guidelines. The limitations for PA adherence is due the barriers found such as displeasure, discomfort, pain and sense of exhaustion. Self-selected exercise has been strategy for PA adherence, due greatest tolerance by aerobic exercise practitioners. The aim of this study was investigate physiological and psychological responses in prescribed and self-selected sessions in postmenopausal women. It was recruited 27 women active. The study consisted 3 moments: familiarization, self-selected, prescribed sessions. The intensity of self-selected session was replicated in prescribed session. There was significant main effect of the time for HR (p=0,047), FS (p=0,009) and Borg scale (p=0,012). Session by time interaction the significant main effect in HR (p<0,001). Significant mean difference was observed for psychological variables FS (p= 0,011), Borg scale (p= 0,016) and ITL (p<0,001). This study demonstrates the self-selected session relationship with greatest affection and low perceived effort exercise when compared to prescribed exercisePocos ancianos cumplen con las pautas actuales de actividad física (PA). Las limitaciones para la adherencia de la PA se deben a las barreras encontradas, como el disgusto, la incomodidad, el dolor y la sensación de agotamiento. El ejercicio auto seleccionado ha sido una estrategia para la adherencia de la PA, debido a la mayor tolerancia de los practicantes de ejercicio aeróbico. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las respuestas fisiológicas y psicológicas en sesiones prescritas y auto seleccionadas en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Se reclutaron 27 mujeres activas. El estudio constó de 3 momentos: familiarización, auto-seleccionados, sesiones prescritas. La intensidad de la sesión auto-seleccionada se replicó en la sesión prescrita. Hubo un efecto principal significativo del tiempo para la FC (p = 0,047), FS (p = 0,009) y escala de Borg (p = 0,012). Interacción sesión por tiempo: efecto principal significativo en la FC (p <0,001). Se observó una diferencia de medias significativa para las variables psicológicas FS (p = 0,011), escala de Borg (p = 0,016) y ITL (p <0,001). Este estudio demuestra la relación del sesión auto-seleccionada con el mayor afecto y el ejercicio de esfuerzo percibido bajo en comparación con el ejercicio prescrito.Poche persone anziane incontrano le attuali linee guida sull'attività fisica (FA). I limiti di aderenza alla PA sono dovuti alle barriere incontrate, come dispiacere, disagio, dolore e senso di sfinimento. L'esercizio di auto-selezione è stata una strategia per aderire all'AF a causa della maggiore tolleranza degli operatori di esercizi aerobici. L'obiettivo di questo studio era di indagare le risposte fisiologiche e psicologiche nelle sedute prescritte e autoselezionate nelle donne in postmenopausa. Sono state reclutate ventisette donne attive. Lo studio consisteva in 3 momenti: familiarizzazione, sessione autoselezionata e sessione prescritta. L'intensità della sessione autoselezionata è stata replicata nella sessione prescritta. C'era un significativo effetto principale del tempo per HR (p = 0.047), FS (p = 0.009) scala di Borg (p = 0.012). Interazione della sessione in base al tempo, significativo effetto principale in HR (p <0,001). Significativa differenza media è stata osservata per le variabili psicologiche FS (p = 0.011), scala Borg (p = 0.016) e ITL (p <0.001). Questo studio dimostra la relazione della sessione autoselezionata con maggiore affettività e basso sforzo percepito rispetto all'esercizio prescritto.Poucos idosos atendem às diretrizes atuais de atividade física (AF). As limitações para a adesão à AF se devem às barreiras encontradas, como desprazer, desconforto, dor e sensação de esgotamento. O exercício auto-selecionado tem sido uma estratégia para a adesão à AF, devido à maior tolerância dos praticantes de exercícios aeróbicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as respostas fisiológicas e psicológicas em sessões prescritas e auto-selecionadas em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Foram recrutadas 27 mulheres ativas. O estudo consistiu em 3 momentos: familiarização, sessão auto-selecionada e sessão prescrita. A intensidade da sessão auto-selecionada foi replicada na sessão prescrita. Houve efeito principal significativo do tempo para FC (p = 0,047), FS (p = 0,009) escala de Borg (p = 0,012). Interação da sessão por tempo, efeito principal significativo na FC (p <0,001). Diferença média significativa foi observada para as variáveis ​​psicológicas FS (p = 0,011), escala de Borg (p = 0,016) e ITL (p <0,001). Este estudo demonstra a relação da sessão auto-selecionada com maior afetividade e baixo esforço percebido quando comparado ao exercício prescrito

A IMPORTÂNCIA DA PRODUÇÃO DE DOCUMENTOS ACESSÍVEIS PARA SALA DE AULA

Em tempos remotos nos deparamos com uma infodemia, materiais produzidos, com imagens inseridas, com letras utilizadas sem pensar na acessibilidade do conteúdo para todas as pessoas e suas condições, acabam tornando o material inacessível para pessoas com deficiência ou com alguma necessidade específica. Dentro das diretrizes de acessibilidade, as primeiras ações, depois da inserção de tecnologias Assistivas ao AVA, foram observadas que sem a produção de Materiais Educacionais Acessíveis para Aprendizagem, recursos como descrições de texto para imagens ou legendas ocultas e transcrições de vídeos, iriam permanecer inacessíveis para alguns alunos. Ações básicas, como fornecer contraste de cor suficiente, reduzem o esforço de alunos para perceber as informações tornam o aprendizado uma experiência mais agradável. Desse modo, nos questionamos: como tornar o texto legível e acessível para todos? As respostas vieram por meio do uso da tecnologia assistiva, e foram evidenciadas sobretudo com o aumento de pessoas com deficiência ao AVA, de forma eficiente, incluindo as pessoas com tipos variados de deficiências. Assim tornar o texto legível e acessível é incluir digitalmente a Todos. Entendemos que dentro das diretrizes de acessibilidade, as primeiras ações, depois da inserção de tecnologias Assistivas ao AVA, foram observadas que sem a produção de Materiais Educacionais Acessíveis para Aprendizagem, os recursos como descrições de texto para imagens ou legendas ocultas e transcrições de vídeos, iriam permanecer inacessíveis para alguns alunos. Ações básicas, como fornecer contraste de cor suficiente, reduzem o esforço de alunos para perceber as informações tornam o aprendizado uma experiência mais agradável. Durante a elaboração e desenvolvimento desta pesquisa-ação foram levados em consideração os preceitos da resolução 510/2016 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, no que tange aos aspectos éticos para a pesquisa com seres humanos. O projeto foi submetido ao Comitê de Pesquisa UNIR via Plataforma Brasil, com a aprovação pelo Certificado de Apresentação de Apreciação Ética - CAAE no 40381020.9.0000.5300. Esta pesquisa versa sobre a importância da produção de documentos com acessibilidade. Para tanto foi criado um curso sobre produção de documentos com acessibilidade, dentro de uma pesquisa interventiva, para provocar nos profissionais da educação a revisão de suas práticas quanto a produção do material acessível utilizado em suas aulas e em outras ações que demandem o uso de material didático ou similares e consequentemente sua capacitação, foram desenvolvidas aulas síncronas, vinculadas na plataforma ava que permitam as ações de pertencimento e estabeleça o vínculo Discente e Docente para desenvolvimento de trabalhos; solicitação de autorização de gravação do minicurso para evitar a tecnofobia e trazer tranquilidade para o aluno. Evitar a infodemia no momento do minicurso. Recursos disponíveis (apostila com tutorial). Concomitante a prática de identificação e elaboração de material e documentos acessíveis discute–se as questões que demandam ou são resultantes da acessibilidade atitudinal. Entendemos que com a produção de documentos acessíveis, automaticamente, tornando-os legíveis pelas ferramentas de apoio, os conteúdos podem lidos e usados por todos e as pessoas com deficiência podem ler o conteúdo e trabalhar com os arquivos. Essa é a perspectiva inclusiva do trabalho

Seed and seedlings quality of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan harvested in Paraná State, Brazil

The place of harvest influences the quality of the seeds and, consequently, the quality of the seedlings formed. Thus, the work aimed to quantify the influence of harvesting locations on the physiological potential of seeds and on the quality of A. colubrina seedlings. The lots refer to the seed harvesting locations, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Diamante D’Oeste and Santa Helena. The design was completely randomized. For seed quality, the thousand weight, percentage, mean time (TMG) and germination speed index (IVG), seedling dry mass (MMSP) and respiration rate were evaluated. For seedling quality, height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total dry mass, Dickson quality index, and root electrolyte loss were evaluated. The results separated the lots into two groups, coming from Marechal Cândido Rondon and coming from Diamante D’Oeste and Santa Helena. Germination attributes such as TMG, IVG and MMSP contributed to explain the effects of seed lot quality on seedling quality and can be used to select better quality seeds and seedlings.The place of harvest influences the quality of the seeds and, consequently, the quality of the seedlings formed. Thus, the work aimed to quantify the influence of harvesting place on the physiological potential of seeds and on the quality of A. colubrina seedlings. The lots refer to the seed harvesting locations, Marechal Cândido Rondon (MCR), Diamante D’Oeste (DO) and Santa Helena (SH). The design was completely randomized. For seed quality, the thousand weight, percentage, average germination time (AGT) and germination speed index (GSI), dry seedling mass (DSM) and respiration rate (RESP) were evaluated. For seedling quality, height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total dry biomass, Dickson quality index, and root electrolyte loss were evaluated. For the DO+SH, the unfolding of the correlations indicated the AGT as the most influential characteristic, both with a direct and indirect effect on the basic variables, that is, seedling quality. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the characteristics evaluated stem diameter, total dry mass of the plant and root electrolyte loss, proved to be good indicators of the quality of seedlings of A. colubrina, presenting themselves quite responsive in the correlation analysis. The place of harvest influenced the quality of seeds and seedlings of Anadenanthera colubrina, with the distinction of origins into two groups: seed lot from MCR and DO+SH. Germination attributes contributed to explain the effects of seed lot quality on seedling quality and can be used to select better quality seeds and seedlings

Using Social Media as a Research Tool for a Bespoke Web-Based Platform for Stakeholders of Children With Congenital Anomalies: Development Study

BACKGROUND: Limited research evidence exists on the development of web-based platforms for reciprocal communication, coproduction research, and dissemination of information among parents, professionals, and researchers. This paper provides learning and the outcomes of setting up a bespoke web-based platform using social media. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the establishment of a web-based, multicontextual research communication platform for parents and stakeholders of children with congenital anomalies using social media and to identify associated research and ethical and technical challenges. METHODS: The ConnectEpeople e-forum was developed using social media platforms with a stakeholder engagement process. A multilevel approach was implemented for reciprocal engagement between parents of children with congenital anomalies, researchers, health care professionals, and other stakeholders using private and invisible and public Facebook groups, closed Twitter groups, and YouTube. Ethical approval was obtained from Ulster University. RESULTS: Nonprofit organizations (N=128) were invited to engage with an initial response rate of 16.4% (21/128). Of the 105 parents contacted, 32 entered the private and invisible Facebook groups to participate in the coproduction research. Public Facebook page followers rose to 215, a total of 22 posts had an engagement of >10%, and 34 posts had a reach of over 100. Webinars included requested information on childhood milestones and behavior. YouTube coverage included 106 ConnectEpeople videos with 28,708 impressions. Project information was obtained from 35 countries. The highest Facebook activity occurred during the early morning hours. Achievement of these results required dedicated time management, social media expertise, creativity, and sharing knowledge to curate valuable content. CONCLUSIONS: Building and maintaining a multilayered online forum for coproduction and information sharing is challenging. Technical considerations include understanding the functionality and versatility of social media metrics. Social media offers valuable, easily accessible, quantitative, and qualitative data that can drive the reciprocal process of forum development. The identification and integration of the needs of the ConnectEpeople e-forum was a key driver in the dissemination of useful, meaningful, and accessible information. The necessary dedicated administration to respond to requests and posts and collate data required significant time and effort. Participant safety, the development of trust, and the maintenance of confidentiality were major ethical considerations. Discussions on social media platforms enabled parents to support each other and their children. Social media platforms are particularly useful in identifying common family needs related to early childhood development. This research approach was challenging but resulted in valuable outputs requiring further application and testing. This may be of particular importance in response to COVID-19 or future pandemics. Incorporating flexible, adaptable social media strategies into research projects is recommended to develop effective platforms for collaborative and impactful research and dissemination

Can biological maturation influence in power muscle and velocity of Young soccer players? / A maturação biológica pode influenciar na força muscular e na velocidade de jovens jogadores de futebol?

The biological maturation is a process manifested more frequently in adolescence, and promotes many physiological changes. The purpose of this study was analysis physical performance of young soccer players in different maturity age. Participated of the study 36 young soccer players (16.5 ± 1.6 years; 178 ± 7 cm; 67 ± 9 kg). During second week of preparation period, were assessed characteristics anthropometric, for obtained the peak height velocity (PHV), vertical jump height tests and sprints tests. Were were separated in 4 groups with 9 players, having as criterion the age of PHV: PHV1 age below than 25th percentile, PHV2 = age between 25th to 50th percentile, PHV3 = age between 50th to 75th percentile and PHV4 = age above 75th percentile. A significant main effect between groups was observed for squat jump (SJ) (p = 0.005), countermovement jump (CMJ) (p = 0.001), sprint 40m (sprint20+20m) (p = 0.013) and sprint 20m (sprint20m) (p = 0.007). In conclusion, becomes important to assess the maturity status in young soccer players due the determinant abilities of match can be predict by maturation age through PHV measurement. 

Exploring Research Priorities of Parents Who Have Children With Down Syndrome, Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate, Congenital Heart Defects, and Spina Bifida Using ConnectEpeople:A Social Media Coproduction Research Study

Background: Using social media for research purposes is novel and challenging in terms of recruitment, participant knowledge about the research process, and ethical issues. This paper provides insight into the recruitment of European parents of children with specific congenital anomalies to engage in coproduction research by using social media. Secret Facebook groups, providing optimal security, were set up for newly recruited research-aware parents (RAPs) to communicate privately and confidentially with each other and for the research team to generate questions and to interpret findings. Objective: This study aimed to use social media for the recruitment and engagement of parents in research and to determine the research priorities of parents who have children with Down syndrome, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, congenital heart defects, and spina bifida. Methods: The design was exploratory and descriptive with 3 phases. Phase 1 included the recruitment of RAPs and generation of research questions important to them; phase 2 was a Web-based survey, designed using Qualtrics software, and phase 3 included analysis and ranking of the top 10 research questions using an adapted James Lind Alliance approach. Simple descriptive statistics were used for analysis, and ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Filter Committee of the Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University. Results: The recruitment of 32 RAPs was a sensitive process, varying in the time taken to consent (mean 51 days). However, parents valued the screening approach using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory as a measure to ensure their well-being (mean 32.5). In phase 1, RAPs generated 98 research questions. In phase 2, 251 respondents accessed the Web-based survey, 248 consented, and 80 completed the survey, giving a completeness rate of 32.3% (80/248). Most parents used social media (74/80, 92%). Social media, online forums, and meeting in person were ranked the most preferable methods for communication with support groups networks and charities. Most respondents stated that they had a good understanding of research reports (71/80, 89%) and statistics (68/80, 85%) and could differentiate among the different types of research methodologies (62/80, 78%). Phase 3 demonstrated consensus among RAPs and survey respondents, with a need to know the facts about their child's condition, future health, and psychosocial and educational outcomes for children with similar issues. Conclusions: Social media is a valuable facilitator in the coproduction of research between parents and researchers. From a theoretical perspective, ocularcentrism can be an applicable frame of reference for understanding how people favor visual contact.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement number 733001.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio