Ampumamelun arviointi. Kirjallisuusselvitys

Kirjallisuusselvityksessä tarkastellaan sekä kevyiden että raskaiden aseiden ampumamelun vaikutusten arviointia ampumaratojen ja  -alueiden ympäristössä. Pääpaino on ampumamelun arviointiin käytettävissä tunnusluvuissa sekä melun aiheuttamassa häiritsevyydessä

“Before I race I get my eyeliner straight and do my hair:” postfeminism and Victoria Pendleton

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Bodily crises in skilled performance: Considering the need for artistic habits

Empirical evidence demonstrates that performing artists are confronted by a variety of ‘bodily crises’ (e.g., injury, attrition of habits induced by ageing) over the course of their careers (Wainwright, Williams, & Turner, 2005). Such crises may present a serious threat to the embodied subject. Unfortunately, many prominent theories of skill acquisition (e.g., Fitts & Posner, 1967) appear to evacuate the body from performance by suggesting that any form of conscious processing (i.e., paying conscious attention to one's action during motor skill execution) will disrupt habitual behaviour. As a result, few researchers have considered how performers might tackle bodily anomalies. In the current paper, we seek to address this issue by discussing a variety of the ‘crises’ that confront the performing body. We start by discussing a number of disciplinary practices that may contribute to these crises. Next, we argue that habitual movements must be open to ‘acts of creativity’ in order to maintain a productive relationship between the performing body and the environment. Then we consider what this ‘creative action’ might involve and discuss a number of approaches (e.g., mindfulness, somaesthetic awareness) that could maintain and improve one's movement proficiency. Here, our argument draws on Dewey's (1922) pragmatist philosophy and his belief that ‘intelligent habit’ was required to help people to improve their movement functioning. Finally, we consider the implications of our argument for current conceptualisations of ‘habitual’ movement and recommend that researchers explore the adaptive and flexible capacity of the performing body

Paradox between democracy and security : case study on Pakistan

This thesis examines the paradox between democracy and security in Pakistan outlining six factors contributing to the paradox, i.e. historical developments; different definitions of democracy among the different political actors in Pakistan; economic developments; lack of education; power play among the government, the army, Inter Services Intelligence, judicial system, political parties, warring tribes and different religious and ethnic sects in Pakistan; and elite governance. The thesis also examines how these factors affect the development of democracy in Pakistan with the main argument that the Western style of democracy neither fully exists nor it works in Pakistan in the current circumstances, especially due to historical patterns and an obsession with the external security. The thesis uses secondary sources including books, journal articles, country reports, commentaries in addition to first-hand information based on the author’s personal experiences in 2010-2011 in Pakistan. The main theories used in the thesis are delegative democracy by Guillermo O’Donnell and elite governance theory by Duncan McCargo, which combined explain the historical developments leading to the paradox as well as the election dynamics and elite dominance prevailing in Pakistan. Throughout its history, Pakistan has been mostly ruled by military regimes, with only four stints of civilian rule which have all ended either in corruption charges or in military take over. The military regimes have been characterised by a strong support from the USA and an increased economic growth and stability, whereas civilian rules have been laden with instability, corruption and mostly poor relations with other countries. This constitutes the background for the paradox, which is majorly upheld by the security-political predicament to find an equalizer against India, which has been a paramount concern for any policy maker since the independence. In addition, this paradox is being upheld by the constant power play among the political actors and the long-standing elite dominance whereby the elites are more interested in retaining their own power instead of focusing on the interests of the masses. With masses being uneducated and mostly concerned about their own survival, the general public as well as the elites, have preferred the military rule as it brings about more stability and economic growth. Therefore, with the current circumstances the future of democracy in Pakistan seems bleak, as the factors constituting a liberal democracy are not fulfilled in Pakistan with partly free judicial, partly free press, rampant corruption, immense human rights violations, especially in terms of the fight against terrorism, with a history of election rigging and interference from the army and Inter Services Intelligence during civilian rules.Pro gradu -tutkielma tutkii demokratian ja turvallisuuden paradoksia Pakistanissa esitellen kuusi tekijää, jotka vaikuttavat kyseiseen paradoksiin. Näitä tekijöitä ovat historiallinen kehitys; eliittihallinto; taloudellinen kehitys; Pakistanin poliittisten tekijöiden demokratian eri määritelmät; opetuksen puuttuminen; ja valtataistelu hallituksen, armeijan, tiedustelupalvelun, oikeusjärjestelmän, poliittisten puolueiden sekä eri heimojen, uskonnollisten ja etnisten ryhmien välillä. Tutkimus tarkastelee myös sitä miten nämä tekijät vaikuttavat demokratian kehitykseen Pakistanissa. Keskeinen argumentti on, että länsimainen demokratia ei esiinny eikä toimi Pakistanissa vallitsevissa oloissa, etenkin historiallisen kehityksen ja ulkoisen turvallisuuden takia. Pro gradu-tutkielma käyttää sekundäärisiä lähteitä, kuten kirjoja, artikkeleita, maaraportteja, kommentaareja sekä omiin kokemuksiin perustuvia havaintoja Pakistanin matkalta 2010-2011. Keskeiset teoriat gradussa ovat Guillermo O’ Donnelin delegaattidemokratia sekä Duncan McCargon eliittihallintoteoria, jotka yhdessä selittävät historiallista kehitystä ja eliittihallinnon dynamiikkaa, mitkä johtavat paradoksiin. Kautta historian armeija on hallinnut Pakistania, ja siviilihallinto on ainoastaan neljä kertaa onnistunut olemaan vallassa, mutta silloinkin siviilihallinto päättyi korruptioväitteisiin tai armeijan vallankaappaukseen. Armeijahallinnoille on luonteenomaista hyvät suhteet USA:n, positiivinen taloudellinen kehitys ja vakaus, kun taas siviilihallinnot ovat epävakaita ja korruptoituneita. Tämä kehitys on paradoksin tausta, joka rakentuu turvallisuuspoliittisen tilanteen pohjalle eli hallitusten ja muiden tekijöiden yritykseen löytää vastapaino Intian uhalle. Tämä on ollut keskeinen huoli kelle tahansa poliittiselle päättäjälle itsenäisyydestä lähtien. Loputon valtataistelu eri poliittisten tekijöiden kesken sekä eliittihallinto pitävät yllä paradoksia, koska eliitit ovat kiinnostuneempia oman valtansa säilyttämisestä kuin kansan tahdon huomioonottamisesta. Koska valtaosa ihmisistä ei ole koulutettuja, he ovat paljolti kiinnostuneita omasta selviytymisestään, ja tämän takia sekä kansa että eliitit suosivat armeijahallintoa, koska se tuo vakautta ja taloudellista kehitystä. Sen vuoksi vallitsevissa oloissa demokratian tulevaisuus Pakistanissa näyttää huonolta, koska liberaalidemokratian vaatimukset eivät täyty puoliksi vapaan oikeussysteemin, puoliksi vapaan lehdistön, valtavan korruption ja monien ihmisoikeusloukkauksien takia unohtamatta armeijan ja tiedustelupalvelun sekaantumista siviilihallintoon

Physical Culture

Johnston and Klandermans (p. 3) reflect that “culture is a broad and often imprecise term but, as others have noted, at the same time intuitively apparent”. This combination of conceptual imprecision and lived intuitiveness is partly what gives rise to ambiguity around the very notion of culture—we all know it is there and somehow important, but we also often struggle to articulate precisely what the term means. Such ambiguity is also at least as prevalent when dealing with the idea of physical culture, which is an often-used term to describe a phenomenon of sociological, anthropological, historical, and philosophical interest. Across these diverse bodies of literature, ambiguity is sustained in part because of dual usage of the term physical culture in both academic and popular literature. While both are relevant, they carry important nuances in meaning and indicate a different aspect of focus, depending on the reading of the word culture. In what follows, I expand a little on these nuances

Overcoming the fear: an autoethnographic narrative of running with epilepsy

Through a phenomenological approach, this article explores the identity conflict that arose within a female runner after diagnosis with epilepsy. Utilising a three month autoethnography to track her experiences of returning to running, the first author narrates the effect of epilepsy on her identity formation. Providing a voice that is absent from a research area dominated by statistics, the reader is asked to involve him/herself in the world of this athlete and in turn embrace the use of narratives as a valuable coping mechanism for those with chronic disorders

Projektioppimisen avainpiirteet: kuinka opettajat toteuttavat projekteja opetuksessa?

LUMA Science Helsinki research group directed by Prof. Maija AkselaThe aim of this multiple-case study was to research the key characteristics of project-based learning (PBL) and how teachers implement them within the context of science education. K-12 science teachers and their students’ videos, learning diaries and online questionnaire answers about their biology related PBL units, within the theme nature and environment, were analysed using deductive and inductive content analysis (n = 12 schools). The studied teachers are actively engaged in PBL as the schools had participated voluntarily in the international StarT programme of LUMA Centre Finland. The results indicate that PBL may specifically promote the use of collaboration, artefacts, technological tools, problem-centredness, and certain scientific practices, such as carrying out research, presenting results, and reflection within science education. However, it appeared that driving questions, learning goals set by students, students’ questions, the integrity of the project activities, and using the projects as a means to learn central content, may be more challenging to implement. Furthermore, although scientific practices had a strong role in the projects, it could not be defined how strongly student-led the inquiries were. The study also indicated that students and teachers may pay attention to different aspects of learning that happen through PBL. The results contribute towards a deeper understanding of the possibilities and challenges related to implementation of PBL and using scientific practices in classrooms. Furthermore, the results and the constructed framework of key characteristics can be useful in promoting research-based implementation and design of PBL science education, and in teacher training related to it.Peer reviewe

Health-Functional Foods in Foodwebs : Developing Products in Food Specific Networks

A new category of health-promoting foods has emerged on food markets. This study examines the background of the development of the products that belong to this category. It aims for a more holistic view to the subject area than what has been typical in the previous studies. The key framework used in the study, the foodweb, is based on the model of industrial networks. The model is adapted for the purposes of this study. The study has an empirical basis. Product related cases are examined. These five Finnish cases are: Benecol, Hyla, LGG, Xylitol, and Yosa. The study is mainly based on findings made from these cases. Some aspects of the international markets are also brought up. It was found that this new food product category has brought with it many new questions that previously have not been of major significance in the food context. The basic characteristics of foods and the relationships of health-promoting foods with other product categories were examined under a new framework for foods: body-centred foods. It was observed that foods are linked to different body linked purposes under which foods can be functional. Health-functionality is one of the respective functionalities. Empirical development processes described using the foodweb as conceptual framework showed the interdependency of the development process from many activities, actors, and resources that usually cannot be captured if the development is viewed from a single organisation point of view. It also seemed that development of these products is a multilayered process of many concurrent and sequential interactions. There are many obstacles within food system that hinder the development processes of these specific foods. There are many unresolved questions and questions that have not yet explicitly been asked that have to be encountered before it is relevant to expect goal oriented smooth development processes for health-functional foods